The Multi-Sensor Revolution: An Integrated Approach to Advanced Measurements in Experimental Hydraulics

Experimental hydraulics has undergone a paradigm shift from single-point measurements to integrated multi-sensor methodologies. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in hydraulic measurement techniques, focusing on the synergistic use of advanced velocimetry, free-surface mapping, and two-phase flow characterization. The principles, characteristics, and applications of key technologies, including Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV), and advanced optical methods, are detailed. Through a critical review of recent and verifiable literature, it is demonstrated how leading researchers combine these instruments to create comprehensive, high-fidelity datasets of complex phenomena such as bridge pier scour, vegetated channel flows, and energy dissipation on hydraulic structures. This integrated approach, linking subsurface turbulence dynamics to free-surface behavior and aeration characteristics, provides benchmark-quality data essential for validating next-generation computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. The review concludes by highlighting future trends, including the integration of machine learning for data processing and the expansion of these techniques to field-scale applications. These advancements enable more accurate and sustainable hydraulic structure designs, enhancing engineering practice and public safety.

کلیدواژه ها:

Experimental Hydraulics ، Multi-Sensor Fusion ، Free-Surface Measurement ، Two-Phase Flow