Oral Sampling as a Biomarker Platform for Stroke Prognosis and Remote Monitoring

Stroke causes a significant number of deaths and disabilities, but there are no cost-effective and non-invasive outcome predictors and remote monitoring biomarkers. We conducted an extensive literature review of the ischemic stroke on salivary and oral biomarker studies. We found studies of salivary proteins (cytokines, growth factors, and enzymes) and oral microbiome in stroke patients. Among the significant results, high pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-۶) in the saliva of stroke patients and unique alterations of the oral microbial diversity and structure in stroke patients are presented. Basic FGF, HGF, LIF, and IL-۳ salivary growth factors also showed significant distinct differences between stroke survivors and controls, and some of them have high sensitivity and specificity. The changes are neurovascular inflammation and neurovascular injury and they are associated with clinical severity and impaired cognition. Moreover, research indicates that saliva-based tests can be deployed as a point-of-care test, and mobile health platforms have been deployed to combine at-home observation of stroke patients (e.g., smartphone apps). Combining the evidence, saliva as a diagnostic matrix can be considered promising: oral biomarkers can predict stroke prognosis, and, using portable biosensors, the procedure allows monitoring patients remotely. These biomarkers should be confirmed in future work, and saliva-based point-of-care tests should be developed to enhance the quality of stroke care beyond the hospital.

کلیدواژه ها:

Stroke ، Saliva ، Biomarker ، Oral microbiome ، Remote monitoring