Optimization of The Extraction of Atropine from Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L.) Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Coupled with Response-Surface Method

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Hyoscyamus niger L., a plant from the Solanaceae family, is renowned for its tropane alkaloids, including atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine, which have significant pharmacological applications such as anticholinergic, antispasmodic, and mydriatic effects. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of these alkaloids using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Additionally, the research evaluated the optimal extraction conditions, total alkaloid content, and the effectiveness of UAE compared to traditional methods. Methods: The study involved the collection and identification of Hyoscyamus niger L., preliminary phytochemical studies, and optimization of the extraction process using UAE and RSM. Key variables included temperature, extraction time, solvent-to-plant ratio, ultrasonic power, and particle size. Total alkaloid content was determined using Bromocresol Green spectrophotometric analysis, and extraction yield was evaluated using gravimetric methods. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and response surface plots. Results: Optimal extraction conditions were identified as ۳۹.۲۲°C, ۷۳.۹۷ minutes, a solvent-to- plant ratio of ۲۲.۵۶, and a particle size of ۳۱۲.۱۱ mesh, yielding ۱۱.۹۸% extraction. Total alkaloid content significantly increased under these conditions. ANOVA results revealed that extraction time and solvent- to-plant ratio had the greatest influence on yield. Additionally, the interaction between extraction time and solvent-to-plant ratio was significant. Compared to traditional methods such as Soxhlet extraction, UAE reduced extraction time by ۹۶% while delivering higher yields. This method also minimized environmental impact by reducing the consumption of organic solvents. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that UAE combined with RSM is an efficient and sustainable method for extracting bioactive compounds from Hyoscyamus niger L.. This method not only enhances efficiency but also reduces time and solvent consumption, paving the way for its application in industrial and pharmaceutical settings.

کلیدواژه ها:

Atropine ، Optimization ، Alkaloids Extraction ، UAE ، Surface- Response Method