Smoking and seronegative spondyloarthropathies: From disease susceptibility to therapeutic implications

Seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a group of interrelated rheumatic disorders characterized by absence of rheumatoid factor, shared clinical features, including, inflammatory low back pain, sacroiliitis and spondylitis, asymmetric oligoarthritis, dactylitis, enthesitis, strong link with HLA-B۲۷ and special form of extra-articular involvement, like psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease and uveitis. Smoking is a well-established environmental riskfactor for rheumatic diseases. In this review, we assess the current evidence regarding the association between smoking and the risk, clinical manifestations, therapeutic response, and outcomes of SpA, as well as the influence of smoking cessation on these domains

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Keywords: Smoking ، seronegative spondyloarthropathies ، ankylosing spondylitis ، psoriatic arthritis ، enteropathic spondyloarthritis