Advancements and Controversies in Thyroid Surgery: Indications, Techniques, and Complications and pain management

Introduction: Thyroid surgery has evolved significantly, with ongoing debates surrounding indications, techniques, and postoperative outcomes. Historically, total thyroidectomy was the standard approach for both benign and malignant thyroid diseases. However, more conservative methods, like thyroid lobectomy, have gained traction, especially for well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC). Additionally, minimally invasive and transoral techniques are emerging as potential alternatives to improve patient outcomes and reduce scarring. This review explores these developments and examines the challenges associated with thyroid surgery, particularly postoperative complications.Methods: This narrative review synthesizes recent literature on thyroid surgery, focusing on total thyroidectomy, thyroid lobectomy, and hemi-thyroidectomy for benign and malignant thyroid conditions. It also evaluates the impact of minimally invasive and transoral approaches, along with common postoperative complications such as recurrent nerve palsy, hypocalcemia, and hematoma, and their management strategies.Results: Thyroid lobectomy has shown to be a safe and effective alternative to total thyroidectomy for low-risk WDTC, offering similar outcomes. Minimally invasive and transoral techniques have improved cosmetic results and reduced recovery times, though they require specialized skills. Postoperative complications, including recurrent nerve injury and hypocalcemia, remain significant but manageable with proper monitoring and early intervention.Conclusion: Thyroid surgery has shifted toward more conservative approaches, such as thyroid lobectomy, and newer minimally invasive techniques. While these advancements offer improved patient outcomes, the management of complications remains crucial. Continued research and collaboration are key to refining surgical practices and enhancing patient care.

کلیدواژه ها:

Thyroid Surgery ، total thyroidectomy ، thyroid lobectomy ، minimally invasive techniques ، transoral thyroidectomy ، Postoperative complications ، recurrent nerve palsy