Next-Generation Modular Solar-Driven Capacitive Deionization Systems for Autonomous and Energy-Efficient Water Desalination in Off-Grid and Remote Regions

In many parts of the world, especially in rural and off-grid regions, the lack of reliable infrastructure for water treatment and energy supply continues to pose a serious barrier to clean water access. In recent years, capacitive deionization (CDI) has gained significant attention as a low-voltage and potentially cost-effective approach for desalinating low-salinity water. What distinguishes this technology is its ability to operate with minimal energy input, its relatively simple design, and the potential for integration with renewable energy sources. This review examines the recent progress in the development of modular CDI systems powered by solar energy, focusing on their suitability for decentralized water treatment in isolated locations. We analyze how the combination of solar-driven power supply, intelligent monitoring via IoT-based technologies, and energy-saving control strategies can contribute to the creation of autonomous and scalable desalination systems. Additionally, we discuss the evolution of CDI materials, design configurations, and performance indicators. By comparing these systems with traditional desalination methods, this work outlines both the opportunities and the remaining challenges in advancing CDI as a practical solution for sustainable water access in off-grid settings.

کلیدواژه ها:

Capacitive Deionization (CDI) ، Solar Energy ، Off-Grid Water Treatment ، Internet of Things ، Energy Efficiency ، Decentralized Desalination