A case report of misdiagnosed iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula as an arteriovenous malformation during infancy: diagnostic challenges and treatment options

Background: Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are the most frequent vascular abnormality during childhood. However, it is essential to differentiate it from other less common conditions such as iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) due to different diagnostic and treatment modalities.  Case presentation: Here, we reported a four-year boy who was followed up with a diagnosis of AVM from the age of two. In our center, a diagnosis of peripheral AVF was made for the patient at his right axillary region based on computed tomography angiography (CTA) findings. During open surgery, vein ligation and repairment of brachial artery were considered. Conclusin: It is recommended that all patients with a diagnosis of AVM during the infancy, specialy with history of  numerous  hospitalization and cathaterization, when  follow up till age of four,  have a confirmatory test are a viable option.

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Keywords: Arteriovenous malformation ، iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula ، childhood