GREEN SYNTHESIS OF XANTHENE DERIVATIVES VIA A THREE -COMPONENT REACTION CATALYZED BY NATURAL CLINOPTILOLITE

The development of green and sustainable synthetic pathways for bioactive compounds has become a major focus in modern organic chemistry. In this context, natural zeolites such as clinoptilolite offer a promising alternative to traditional homogeneous or metal-based catalysts. Due to its porous crystalline structure, high thermal stability, ion-exchange capacity, and reusability, clinoptilolite serves as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst in multicomponent reactions. In the present study, we report the green synthesis of xanthene derivatives via a three-component condensation reaction between various aromatic aldehydes, dimedone, and β-naphthol, using natural clinoptilolite as the catalyst. The reactions were carried out under mild, solvent-free conditions, requiring only a small amount of catalyst. The results demonstrated high yields, short reaction times, and good selectivity, while the catalyst could be easily recovered and reused over multiple cycles without significant loss of activity. This approach not only minimizes the use of hazardous reagents and solvents but also provides an economical and eco-friendly route for the synthesis of pharmaceutically valuable xanthene derivatives.

کلیدواژه ها:

Xanthene ، Clinoptilolite ، Green synthesis