Development and Application of Nanostructured Electrochemical Sensors for Trace Heavy Metal Detection in Environmental and Food Samples

Heavy metal contamination poses a major global concern due to its toxic effects on both human health and the environment. Traditional analytical methods such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) provide reliable results but are often expensive, require skilled operators, and lack portability. In recent years, nanostructured electrochemical sensors have emerged as a promising alternative for trace detection of heavy metals owing to their high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid response, and cost-effectiveness. This study focuses on the design, fabrication, and application of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for detecting lead (Pb۲+), cadmium (Cd۲+), mercury (Hg۲+), and arsenic (As³+) ions. Different nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and metallic nanoparticles were utilized to enhance electrode performance. The electrochemical techniques employed include anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which demonstrated excellent detection limits in the nanomolar range. Experimental results revealed that sensors modified with gold nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide exhibited superior electrocatalytic properties, ensuring reliable detection of Pb۲+ and Cd۲+ in real water and food samples. The reproducibility and stability of the sensors were also evaluated, confirming their suitability for practical applications. Overall, the findings of this work highlight the significant potential of nanostructured electrochemical sensors as portable, low-cost, and highly efficient tools for environmental monitoring and food safety assessment.

کلیدواژه ها:

Heavy metals ، Electrochemical sensors ، Nanomaterials ، Food safety ، Environmental monitoring ، Graphene