A Review of Bacterial Symbionts in Gambierdiscus and Osteoporosis: Impact on Ciguatoxins

Dinoflagellates from the genera Gambierdiscus and Osteoporosis are notable for their production of potent marine toxins, which can have severe consequences for marine ecosystems and human health. This review explores the interactions between these dinoflagellates and their associated symbiotic bacterial flora, highlighting how these microorganisms influence toxin production and overall dinoflagellate physiology. Recent studies suggest that specific bacterial communities can modulate the metabolic pathways involved in toxin synthesis, thereby affecting the toxicity levels of both Gambierdiscus and Osteoporosis. Environmental factors, such as nutrient availability and temperature, further complicate these interactions, potentially exacerbating harmful algal blooms (HABS). Understanding the interplay between symbiotic bacteria and these dinoflagellate genera is crucial for assessing the ecological impacts of toxin accumulation in marine food webs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current research, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest future directions for studying the ecological and health implications of these relationships.

کلیدواژه ها:

Dinoflagellates ، Symbiotic bacteria ، Toxicity ، Harmful algal blooms ، Environmental factors