Comparative Proteomic and Bioinformatics Analysis of Signaling Pathways in Primary and Metastatic Breast Tumors

Background: Breast cancer remains a major clinical challenge due to its complexity and resistance to therapy. Understanding the molecular differences between primary and metastatic tumors is crucial for identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Objectives: This study aims to investigate differentially expressed proteins between primary and metastatic breast tumors using a combined proteomic and computational approach to uncover key signaling pathways involved in disease progression. Methods: Tissue samples from primary and metastatic breast tumors were collected and subjected to protein extraction and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (۲-DE). Differentially expressed proteins were identified and validated using public datasets (GSE۲۱۸۱۳۸ and GSE۱۱۰۸۱۰). Bioinformatic analyses, including gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment, were performed to interpret the functional significance of identified proteins. Results: Proteomic profiling revealed distinct expression patterns between primary and metastatic tumor tissues. Key proteins, including CSF۱, CSF۲, CCL۲۲, and CX۳CL۱ were significantly upregulated in metastatic samples, while WWOX and SOCS were downregulated. These proteins were involved in cytokine signaling, TNF signaling, immune cell migration, and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathways Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the identified proteins may serve as potential biomarkers for metastatic breast cancer. Further validation in larger cohorts is necessary to assess their clinical relevance and potential as therapeutic targets.

کلیدواژه ها:

Breast cancer ، Biomarker ، Signaling pathway ، Proteomics ، Bioinformatics.