Male Infertility as a Disorder of Interconnected Signaling Networks: A Systems - Level Perspective and Therapeutic Outlook

Male infertility is a complex condition with diverse molecular and cellular causes that often remain unresolved in idiopathic cases. Disruptions across interconnected signaling networks —including oxidative stress, inflammation, hormonal dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epigenetic changes —can impair spermatogenesis and sperm function. These intertwined pathways create feedback loops that destabilize testicular homeostasis and fertility. This review presents an integrated systems -level analysis of these mechanisms and discusses emerging therapeutic strategies that target redox balance, immune modulation, epigenetic remodeling, hormonal signaling, and sperm -specific ion channels. By bridging basic insights with translational advances, we highlight the potential for personalized, mechanism -based treatments in male infertility.

کلیدواژه ها:

Male infertility ، Signaling pathways ، Oxidative stress ، NLRP۳ inflammasome ، Epigenetic regulation