The impact of the gut microbiome on metabolic, psychiatric, and immune diseases

The human gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in shaping host metabolic, immune, and psychological health. This review synthesizes evidence linking gut microbial composition and function with metabolic disorders (such as obesity and type ۲ diabetes), immune dysregulation, and mental health conditions including depression and anxiety. Mechanistically, microbial metabolites particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-modulate metabolic pathways, enhance intestinal barrier integrity, and regulate systemic inflammation. In the immune domain, commensals like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii promote anti-inflammatory cytokine production (e.g., IL-۱۰) and suppress pro-inflammatory mediators via NF-κB pathways. In the central nervous system, gut-brain axis signaling—through microbial metabolites, vagal routes, HPA axis, and immune mediators affects neurotransmitter balance and stress responses. Clinical interventions (probiotics, dietary shifts, fecal microbiota transplantation) show potential in ameliorating metabolic, immune, and mental health conditions, although long-term efficacy and personalized protocols require further study. Emerging data support a unified 'gut-brain-immune-metabolic' axis, positioning microbial modulation as a promising target across multiple disease domains. We conclude with recommendations for future integrated clinical trials that combine multi-omic biomarkers, dietary management, and tailored microbiome therapies.

کلیدواژه ها:

microbiome ، metabolic ، psychiatric ، immune diseases