Satellite Remote Sensing in Hydrology: A Review of Precipitation, Evapotranspiration, and Soil Moisture Monitoring

Hydrological monitoring has been revolutionized by satellite remote sensing, which provides unprecedented coverage of critical variables like precipitation, evapotranspiration (ET), and soil moisture. This review synthesizes recent advances in the use of remote sensing for hydrology, highlighting how satellite observations complement traditional ground measurements. We discuss satellite-based approaches for measuring precipitation, ET, and soil moisture and examine the strengths and limitations of these methods as reported in the latest studies. Novel techniques such as data assimilation, machine learning, and multi-sensor data fusion, are enhancing the accuracy and resolution of hydrological measurements from space. At the same time, challenges remain in validating satellite data and reconciling differences across sensors and scales. We also explore cross-cutting issues including technological improvements, accuracy and validation, spatial-temporal resolution trade-offs, and the integration of multiple data sources. The operational uptake of satellite hydrology data in drought monitoring, water resource management, and policy is accelerating, underscoring its growing relevance. Overall, continued advancements in remote sensing technology and methods are enabling more robust and timely hydrological insights, offering valuable tools for managing water resources and addressing climate-related extremes in the coming decades.

کلیدواژه ها:

Satellite Remote Sensing ، Hydrological Monitoring ، Hydrological Variables ، Data Integration ، Operational Applications