Understanding Psychosomatic Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Psychological and Physiological Interactions

Psychosomatic disorders are physical illnesses influenced or triggered by psychological factors, especially emotional stress. These conditions are frequently misunderstood, leading to misdiagnosis, unnecessary treatments, and prolonged patient suffering. Rather than being imaginary, psychosomatic disorders reflect genuine physiological disruptions, often affecting the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems. They are commonly associated with mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, and trauma-related disorders. This review aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of psychosomatic disorders, focusing on their historical development, neurobiological underpinnings, psychological contributors, diagnostic challenges, and treatment approaches. A systematic search of peer-reviewed studies, meta-analyses, and clinical guidelines from ۲۰۱۰ to ۲۰۲۴ was conducted using databases like PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO. The selected literature supports a multidimensional, biopsychosocial understanding of these disorders. Findings emphasize the importance of mechanisms such as HPA axis dysregulation, autonomic nervous system imbalance, and inflammatory responses in stress-related pathology. Psychological factors including alexithymia, unresolved trauma, poor emotion regulation, and dysfunctional coping styles were also significant contributors. Common conditions discussed include irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome, all exemplifying the mind-body link. Interventions that integrate medical and psychological care—such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)—demonstrate promising outcomes. In conclusion, psychosomatic disorders necessitate a shift from a dualistic to a holistic approach in both research and clinical practice. A deeper understanding of the psychological-physiological interplay will enhance diagnosis, reduce healthcare costs, and promote personalized, effective treatment models.

کلیدواژه ها:

Psychosomatic disorders ، mind-body interaction ، psychological stress ، biopsychosocial model ، integrated care ، somatization ، cognitive-behavioral therapy