Review of Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained significant attention due to their potential applications in environmental monitoring, military surveillance, healthcare, and smart cities. Routing protocols play a critical role in ensuring efficient data transmission, extending network lifetime, and optimizing energy consumption in WSNs. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the most important routing protocols designed for WSNs, categorizing them based on their routing strategies and key features. The protocols are broadly classified into three main types: flat routing, hierarchical routing, and location-based routing. Each category is analyzed in terms of advantages, challenges, energy efficiency, scalability, and adaptability to network conditions. Additionally, the paper discusses the impact of different routing protocols on network performance metrics such as latency, throughput, and fault tolerance. Moreover, recent advancements and emerging trends in routing protocols are explored, emphasizing the integration of machine learning techniques and energy harvesting technologies to further enhance network capabilities. Finally, the paper outlines open research challenges and future directions to inspire more robust and adaptive routing solutions in WSNs. This review aims to provide researchers and practitioners with valuable insights into selecting or designing suitable routing protocols for specific WSN applications, ultimately contributing to more reliable and energy-efficient wireless sensor networks.

کلیدواژه ها:

Wireless Sensor Networks ، Routing Protocols ، Energy Efficiency ، Network Scalability