An Islamic Critique of Feminist Anthropology: A Summary of Feminism in Organization and Management: A Foundational Reflection with an Islamic Approach by Latifi et al

Chapter ۱: Theoretical Foundations of Feminism Feminism is a socio-political movement and intellectual tradition aimed at advancing women's status and eliminating gender-based discrimination. Its evolution can be traced through three major waves: First Wave (۱۹th to early ۲۰th century):Primarily focused on securing legal and political rights, most notably women’s suffrage. Second Wave (۱۹۶۰s–۱۹۷۰s):Shifted toward workplace equality, reproductive rights, and challenging systemic sexism in civil society. Third Wave (۱۹۹۰s onward):Emphasized intersectionality, incorporating race, class, and cultural differences into feminist discourse. Key Feminist Frameworks Feminist thought encompasses several major theoretical approaches: Liberal Feminism:Advocates for gender equality through legal reform and dismantling institutional barriers. Radical Feminism:Views patriarchy as an entrenched system of oppression requiring fundamental societal transformation. Marxist Feminism:Analyzes gender oppression through the lens of class struggle under capitalism. Cultural Feminism:Celebrates distinctly feminine traits and values as counterpoints to patriarchal norms.