Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process essential for the repair of injured tissue. Incomplete or improper healing can lead to abnormal scar formation and chronic wounds, which increase susceptibility to infections and negatively impact patients' quality of life. Chronic wounds also impose significant financial burdens on healthcare systems worldwide. Effective management of these wounds necessitates specialized biomedical treatments due to the intricate nature of the healing process and the need for long-term care. Current therapeutic options, including skin grafts, wound dressings, growth factor delivery, gene therapy, and cell therapy, vary in effectiveness based on wound type, highlighting the limitations of existing approaches. To address these challenges, there is an urgent need for innovative therapeutic methods that can treat a broader range of wounds effectively. Recent advancements in wound care technologies, such as nanotherapeutics, bioengineered skin grafts, ۳D bioprinting, and stem cell therapy, are being explored to enhance skin regeneration with minimal side effects, thus improving outcomes for chronic wound management. Nanotherapeutic strategies have emerged as effective methods for enhancing wound healing through the use of various nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles and nanofibers, loaded with antimicrobial agents and therapeutic agents. These approaches address challenges associated with traditional wound healing, such as infection, poor penetration, and delayed healing. The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has enabled improved drug delivery through nanoparticulate systems, which provide sustained release and enhanced bioavailability while reducing the frequency of administration. The small size of nanocarriers facilitates intracellular delivery, maintains a moist environment, and ensures stability. Nanotherapies improve microbial infection management in chronic wounds through enhanced drug delivery and interactions, offering significant advantages over conventional methods.
Nanomaterials used in chronic wound management can be broadly classified into two major categories, each possessing unique properties and efficacy. The first category includes organic nanomaterials, which include solid-lipid nanoparticles, nanosheets, liposomes, micelles, nanoemulsions, nanofibers, and polymeric nanoparticles. The second category consists of inorganic nanomaterials, such as magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and metal nanoparticles. Nanoparticles composed of metals and metal oxides, including gallium, copper oxide, iron oxide, titanium dioxide.
