A Review of Fracture Mechanics in ۳D-Printed Concrete: Implications for Sustainable Construction and Environmental Efficiency

The study of concrete fracture mechanics is a complex and extensively explored subject from various perspectives. Describing the fracture process in concrete is challenging due to numerous factors influencing crack development and propagation. The practical implementation of fracture mechanics can potentially enhance the efficiency and safety of concrete structure design. This utilitarian goal was the reason for many researchers to invent numerous theoretical models to describe the crack occurrence better. However, dealing with various analytical problems was not a simple matter and thus existing models of fracture mechanics for concrete have different limitations. Over the years, initial fracture theories for concrete especially ۳-D printed concrete have undergone multiple reviews, leading to modifications of older models to address identified shortcomings—an intricate process. Recently, new approaches to fracture analyses have shown promise, yielding encouraging results