Modern Treatments: A Review Of The Effects Of Electroconvulsive Therapy And Probiotics On Depression And Addiction Induced By Depression

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders observed across all age groups, to the extent that some researchers refer to it as the common cold of mental disorders. Depression adversely affects mental health and other dimensions of health, including physical and social well-being. Individuals suffering from depression may turn to drugs and alcohol as a coping mechanism. Substance abuse can lead to depression, as drugs and alcohol impact our moods, thoughts, brain chemistry, and behavior. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective and well-known treatments in psychiatry for major depressive disorders, manic episodes, schizophrenia, and even addiction. It induces changes in neurotransmitter receptors such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, similar to the changes seen with long-term use of antidepressant medications. This condition arises from chronic stress, where prolonged exposure to stressors activates or deactivates several genes and molecules involved in the pathogenesis and signaling cascades of gastrointestinal diseases, systematically halting or continuing their expression. The consumption of probiotics, prebiotics, and a proper diet can positively impact gut health and reduce and improve symptoms of depression, stress, and many gastrointestinal disorders by increasing serotonin levels and decreasing inflammation.

کلیدواژه ها:

Depression ، Stress ، Addiction ، Electroconvulsive Therapy ، Probiotics ، Serotonin ، Gastrointestinal System