The Role of Hadith Science (with Emphasis on Prophetic Hadiths) in the Defense of the Islamic World against the Invasion of the Crusaders and Mongols during the Sixth and Seventh Centuries of Hijri

From the second half of the ۵th century, the Islamic world in the Shamat region was attacked by various groups of Europeans from different races such as Germans, French, and Genoese, and special groups of their chosen warriors such as hospitable knights. Due to the apparently religious motivations of most of these European factions, who used the reopening of Christian pilgrimage routes to the holy lands of Palestine as an excuse, as well as the spiritual leadership of Catholic Christian clergy, including Pope Urban II, these wars became known as crusades. The strength of these battles was such that in the first waves, Jerusalem, the most important spiritual city of Muslims in Shamat, was captured by the Crusaders. About a century and a half after these attacks from the Western geography towards Islam, a series of the biggest wars in history against the Islamic world started from the eastern lands. These new invasions were the attacks of the Mongols under the leadership of Genghis and his descendants, which ultimately led to the downfall of the most important official political institution in the Islamic world, the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad. The power of these two aggressive moves against the Islamic world is clearly evident only with the capture of the cities of Jerusalem and Baghdad, and the fact that these invaders are non-Muslims and even anti-Islamic adds to the consequences of these attacks against the Islamic world. In this situation, the Atabakan Zangi ruling families in Syria from the fifth and sixth centuries and the Ayyubid and Mamluk ruling families from the sixth and seventh centuries centered on Egypt were the most important official political-military defenders in the Islamic world who came to power during this period and in the end, their defensive efforts in Shamat led to numerous defeats of the Mongols as well as the defeats of the Crusaders at the hands of the Mamluk sultans, the Mongols were prevented from entering Shamat, and the Crusaders' bases were removed from areas such as Marqab and Akka in Shamat, and thus, the political-military power of the Islamic world was established. During this entire period, that is, from the Zangian period in the sixth century in Syria to the Ayyubids and Mamluk periods in Egypt and Syria in the seventh century, in line with the political-military developments of the Islamic world, important educational-hadith developments took place in these lands, one of the most obvious outcomes of which was the emergence of Dar al-Hadith. These scientific institutions, one of the most important examples of which is Dar al-Hadith Noor al-Din in Damascus, were in fact excellent schools for specialized teaching of the science of hadith, focusing on prophetic hadiths.