Reflection of Signs and Prophetic Rituals in Islamic-Iranian Coins

Coins have been one of the most important pillars of the world's economy since long ago and are usually minted from precious metals such as gold, silver, bronze, copper, and some valuable alloys. Even today, despite the tremendous changes in the economic fields and the replacement of all kinds of banknotes and securities with coins, as well as the entry of the digital space into the economic fields and the production of all kinds of cryptocurrencies, coins are still included in the production and use of an important part of the world economy. In addition to material value, coins also play an important role in promoting cultural, religious, and political symbols. In Islamic civilization, coins were minted in different types and with different qualities. In Islamic coins, Islamic symbols were very important from the beginning, and the missionary spirit and the political face of Islam had given these symbols a diverse scope. Just as monotheism and prophethood have been one of the main Islamic foundations in the Muslim religious principles, the symbols and rituals of these two principles have always been present on Islamic coins. Among the first examples of Islamic coins, there were Iranian-Islamic coins, known as Arab-Sasanian coins, which were minted with symbols and quality and mintage marks completely similar to those of the Sasanian era, especially the coins of Khosroparviz (Khosro II Sasanian-) and only on the margins of the coin (where the image Sassanid Shah was located), Islamic expressions were inserted, one of these expressions was the word 'Muhammad (PBUH)' in the Arabic alphabet and thus, these coins were made bilingual (Pahlavi-Arabic) (other writings are the place of minting and year of minting and phrases in honor of the Sassanid Shah were all Pahlavi Sassani). Sometime later, at the end of the first century and the beginning of the second century, completely new Arabic coins were minted in the Umayyad government, on the back of which the words 'Muhammad (PBUH) Rasulullah Arsalan Bal-Hoda wa Din-ul-Haq Lizahra Ali Al-Din Kalh wa Lu Korah Al-Mushrikoon' were engraved. For a long period of time, that is, until the Abbasid era, this phrase was mixed with Islamic coins and was repeated in a wide range of competing caliphates, such as the Fatimid caliphates in Egypt and the Umayyads of Andalusia. During the regional and local governments of the Islamic world after the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad in ۶۵۶ xx, xxx xxxxxx » محممد رسمولالله » 'Muhammad Rasoolullah' was repeated next to the phrase « ال اله اال الله » 'There is no God except Allah' on coins.