A Review on Pathogenic Factors in Klebsiella pneumoniae and the Development of Antibiotic Resistance

Today, multidrug resistance (MDR) and the prevalence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria, which are resistant to more than two classes of antibiotics, represent some of the most critical challenges in hospitals. This is especially concerning since many of these resistant bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, are opportunistic pathogens and natural residents of the human and animal microbiomes. Klebsiella pneumoniae is known for its multiple virulence factors, such as the presence of a capsule, and the ability to form antibiotic-resistant biofilms. The pathogenicity of this bacterium is enhanced by various virulence factors, including adhesins and endotoxins. The global spread of multidrug-resistant strains is facilitated by the activity of plasmids producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Continuous surveillance of carbapenemase-producing serotypes is essential for the rapid identification and containment of resistant strains. Addressing challenges such as biofilm formation and the rapid dissemination of these pathogens is of utmost importance. To achieve the objectives of this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of the existing scientific literature. The search resources included reputable scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Relevant keywords, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, phenotypic and genotypic virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance patterns, were used in the search.

کلیدواژه ها:

Klebsiella pneumoniae ، Biofilm ، Capsule ، Antibiotic resistance