Biochemical markers could predict type-۱ diabetes mellitus

Background : Type ۱ diabetes mellitus (T۱DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by selective destruction of pancreatic beta cells.   Methods: The study included ۸۰ children, ۲۰ of them have T۱DM, ۴۰ children were selected from first degree relatives to the same child and ۲۰ healthy children serve as control. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, random blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin A۱c (GHbA۱c) were measured. The following biochemical markers were measured in sera of all subjects by ELISA kits: Human insulin ,C-peptide, human islet cell antibody (ICA), insulin auto antibodies (IAA) and antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies. Results : This study showed that diabetic children had high level of ICA (۶۵%), IAA (۵۵%), anti-GAD antibodies (۵۰%) and decrease in C-peptide (۶۰%). Whereas the relatives showed high level of anti-GAD antibodies (۳۰%), IAA(۲۵%), ICA(۲.۵) and decrease in C-peptide (۳۰%). Anti-GAD antibodies were significantly higher among the relatives of the diabetics compared to the healthy controls. Conclusions : The strongest predictors of diabetes were C- peptide and islets cell antibodies, which had odd ratio ۴.۷ and ۳.۱, respectively. Autoantibodies could distinguish T۱DM patients from healthy control subjects and they may also identify individuals at high risk during progression from pre-diabetes to overt disease.