The effect of hydropriming, biopriming (trichoderma fungus) and seed coating with nano -chelate on the germination indices of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) under cadmium stress

Introduction: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an annual herb native to the Andes mountains in Bolivia, Chile and Peru, very digestible and a rich source of protein, iron, phosphorus, various vitamins and omega-۳ (Mahdi et al., ۲۰۲۱). Cadmium is the most mobile heavy element in the soil with the usual amount of ۰.۶ to ۱.۱ mg per kilogram of soil. (Xin et al., ۲۰۲۳). Seed pre-treatment (Priming) is one of the solutions that seeds are physiologically and biochemically prepared for germination in the face of environmental environmental conditions, which includes hydropriming, osmopriming, hormopriming, halopriming and biopriming (Mahmoudi et al., ۲۰۱۹). Materials and methods: In order to investigate the improvement of the germination of quinoa seedlings (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) using different pretreatment methods under cadmium stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in four replications at the Seed Science and Technology Laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in ۲۰۲۴. In order to carry out the germination test, ۵۰ quinoa seeds were randomly placed in Petri dishes in ۴ repetitions using the top of paper method, and based on the desired treatments, cadmium chloride solution at a concentration of ۵۰, ۱۰۰ and ۱۵۰ mg/liter were added to the Petri dishes (distilled water was used for the control treatment). The samples were then transferred to a germinator with a temperature of ۲۰ degrees Celsius and kept in these conditions for ۱۰ days. Results and Discussion: According to the results of the data variance analysis table (Table ۱), the germination percentage and germination speed were significant under the simple effects of cadmium stress and pretreatment methods, as well as the interaction effect of cadmium stress × pretreatment methods. The results show that in the absence of cadmium chloride stress, water pre-treatment resulted in the highest percentage of seed germination, which is significantly different from the treatment of biopriming and coating the seeds with nano-chelate under the same conditions and with the treatment of biopriming and pre-treatment. The water treatment did not have ۵۰ mg/L of cadmium under stress conditions, which increased the germination percentage by ۱۷.۷۵% compared to the control (Figure ۱). An increase in germination percentage through water pretreatment has been reported by Mahmoudi et al. (۲۰۱۹) in the Borage flower. With the increase of cadmium stress, the average germination rate decreased, so among the studied treatments, the lowest average germination rate was observed with the application of ۱۵۰ mg/liter of cadmium chloride in untreated seeds, which is significantly lower than other levels of cadmium stress. concentrations of ۵۰ to ۱۰۰ mg/L) were similar to pre-treatments, and in the treatment of ۱۵۰ mg/L cadmium without pre-treatment, it was ۴۹.۶۸% less than the control treatment (Figure ۲). The increase in the activities of the decomposing enzymes in the treated seeds increases the average germination speed of the quinoa seeds, so that in the treatment method with aqueous pretreatment, the hydrolytic enzymes start their activity earlier and for this reason, It increases the germination rate in these quinoa seeds (Mahmoudi et al., ۲۰۱۹). Conclusion: Therefore, this method is recommended to improve germination, and seedling growth and increase the quality and strength of quinoa seeds.

کلیدواژه ها:

Germination percentage ، Germination speed ، pre-treatment ، quinoa