The effect of hydropriming, biopriming (Trichoderma fungus) and seed coating with nano -chelate on the antioxidant properties of quinoa leaf extract ( Chenopodium quinoa willd.) under cadmium stress

Introduction: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an annual herb native to the Andes mountains in Bolivia, Chile and Peru, very digestible and a rich source of protein, iron, phosphorus, various vitamins and omega-۳. Quinoa is a multipurpose plant that has recently been used in the human diet as a substitute for animal products as a source of protein. The young leaves of quinoa are used as fresh or cooked vegetables, but the main product of this plant is its seed, which has a high nutritional value. This metal prevents the growth of roots and stems and causes yield loss. This affects the absorption of nutrients and their balance, and it accumulates heavily in important crops and enters the food cycle and harms human and animal health. Since cadmium stress causes a decrease in germination and growth indicators of seedlings such as the length of roots and stems, therefore it is important to use methods that can reduce the negative effect of heavy metal stress, including cadmium. Seeds are treated in various ways, the most important of which are inoculation, coating and priming. Seed pre-treatment (Priming) is one of the solutions that seeds are physiologically and biochemically prepared for germination in the face of environmental conditions, which includes hydropriming, osmopriming, hormopriming, halopriming and biopriming. Considering the importance of the quinoa plant and the existing problems in the field of germination and growth of its seedlings (due to the sensitive and critical nature of these stages), the use of various seed pretreatment techniques in quinoa can be considered as one of the solutions which is directly and indirectly effective on improving the germination and establishment of seedlings under the conditions of heavy metal stress, therefore, this research aims to investigate the effect of hydropriming, biopriming (Trichoderma mushroom) and coating seeds with nano Chelation was performed on the germination indicators of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) under cadmium stress. Materials and methods: In order to investigate the improvement of the germination of quinoa seedlings (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) using different pretreatment methods under cadmium stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized block design in four replications at the Seed Science and Technology Laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardabili University during ۲۰۲۴. Cadmium chloride (CdCl۲.۷H۲O) (Merck, Germany) was used to apply cadmium stress treatments. To apply biopriming with Trichoderma fungus (seed grinding), first, Tricuran P biological fertilizer, which contains Trichoderma harzianum fungus, was prepared from the company of natural biotechnological company. Then, a quantity of Trichoderma harzianum mushroom (according to the amount of seeds) was added on the seeds that had been soaked for ۴ hours, and after being completely mixed, they were placed in a damp cloth and kept in an incubator at ۳۰ degrees Celsius for ۸ hours. In order to apply seed coating with nano chelate obtained from Tehran's Green Nano chelate production company, which contains elements of iron (۸%), zinc (۱.۵%), manganese (۱.۵%), copper (۰.۵%), molybdenum (۰.۵%) and boron (۰.۵%) were used. Carboxy methyl cellulose and binder were also used. Seed coating was done using a hand-made machine. In order to measure the biochemical characteristics of seedlings, samples of normal ۱۰-day-old seedlings were randomly selected and these samples were stored in a freezer at -۸۰ degrees Celsius until the biochemical and enzymatic characteristics were measured. The method of Chang & Koa (۱۹۸۸) was used to prepare the enzyme extract. The activity of catalase enzyme was measured by the method of Aebi (۱۹۸۴) and the peroxidase enzyme was measured by the method of Maehly (۱۹۵۵) based on the formation of tetragaiacol from guaiacol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H۲O۲) and guaiacol enzyme. Statistical analysis of data was done using SAS ۹.۴ statistical software. The normality of data distribution was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The comparison of means was done using Duncan's multiple range test at the ۵% probability level. Excel was used to draw graphs.

کلیدواژه ها:

Quinoa ، Chenopodium quinoa ، Hydropriming ، Biopriming ، Seed coating ، Nano-chelate ، Antioxidant properties ، Cadmium stress