Study and Knowledge on Strategies to Improve the Stability and Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells

Energy crisis and air pollution are two important challenges of today's mankind. Using the sun's energy as a renewable clean energy source and converting it into electric current by a solar cell is a suitable solution for these two challenges. Perovskite solar cell is one of the most important types of solar cells whose efficiency has increased rapidly in the last decade. Due to the potential of this technology to achieve higher yields and lower manufacturing cost, this cell has attracted much attention both scientifically and commercially. A perovskite is a material that has the same crystal structure as the mineral calcium titanium oxide, the first-discovered perovskite crystal. Generally, perovskite compounds have a chemical formula ABX۳, where ‘A’ and ‘B’ represent cations and X is an anion that bonds to both. A large number of different elements can be combined together to form perovskite structures. Using this compositional flexibility, scientists can design perovskite crystals to have a wide variety of physical, optical, and electrical characteristics. Perovskite crystals are found today in ultrasound machines, memory chips, and now – solar cells. The raw materials used and the possible fabrication methods (such as various printing techniques) are both low cost. Their high absorption coefficient enables ultrathin films of around ۵۰۰ nm to absorb the complete visible solar spectrum. These features combined result in the ability to create low cost, high efficiency, thin, lightweight, and flexible solar modules. Perovskite solar cells have found use in powering prototypes of low-power wireless electronics for ambient-powered Internet of things applications, and may help mitigate climate change. Recently, perovskites have garnered great attention owing to their outstanding characteristics, such as tunable bandgap, rapid absorption reaction, low cost and solution-based processing, leading to the development of high-quality and low-cost photovoltaic devices. However, the key challenges, such as stability, large-area processing, and toxicity, hinder the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In recent years, several studies have been carried out to overcome these issues and realize the commercialization of PSCs. According to reference and analysis, we present our perspective on the future research directions and challenges of PSCs.

کلیدواژه ها:

perovskite solar cells ، tandem solar cell ، solar cell structure ، precursor doping