Prospects for increasing the voltage of aqueous Mg-ion batteries for upgrading in large-scale applications

Aqueous magnesium-ion (Mg-ion) batteries have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries, offering safety, stability, and affordability. However, their voltage limitations have prevented their widespread adoption in large-scale applications. The development of new cathode and anode materials, including magnesium-rich oxides, spinels and other compounds, designed to increase voltage and capacity is critical in achieving this goal [۱]. Also, strategies to optimize electrochemical reactions, such as electrolyte composition, surface engineering, and operating conditions, are critical to improve voltage and cycle performance. The challenges of scaling up aqueous Mg-ion batteries for large-scale applications, including the integration of advanced manufacturing techniques, thermal management, and system design should also be considered [۲]. Therefore, this paper examines the prospects for increasing the voltage of aqueous magnesium ion batteries and discusses the latest advances in materials science, electrochemistry, and engineering [۳].Using water-in-salt electrolytes (WISE) with high salt concentration to expand the window of electrochemical stability, introducing auxiliary solvents such as tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl ether to form stable layers between the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), forming gel electrolytes to stabilize water activity with maintaining high ionic conductivity and using saturated gel electrolytes with reduced water coordination to enable stable performance at high temperatures are effective strategies in achieving high-voltage magnesium batteries for advanced applications (fig۱)