The Role of Neurotransmitter Dysregulation in Cognitive Impairments Among Children with Intellectual Disabilities. A Neurobiological Perspective

The role of neurotransmitter dysregulation in cognitive impairments among children with intellectual disabilities is a critical area of neurobiological research that explores how imbalances in brain chemistry can adversely affect cognitive functioning. Neurotransmitters, which serve as the brain's chemical messengers, are vital for maintaining mood, cognition, and behavior. This dysregulation, particularly involving key neurotransmitters like glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been linked to significant cognitive deficits and behavioral challenges, particularly in children diagnosed with intellectual disabilities and associated neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Research indicates that abnormal neurotransmitter levels can disrupt normal synaptic transmission, leading to heightened anxiety, mood disorders, and difficulties in executive functions like attention and memory. Such cognitive impairments are often compounded by comorbid affective disorders, which affect nearly half of the children with intellectual disabilities. Consequently, the implications of neurotransmitter dysregulation extend beyond cognitive deficits, influencing educational and social opportunities and highlighting the need for tailored interventions that address specific neurobiological mechanisms. The understanding of neurotransmitter interactions and their regulatory mechanisms is essential in elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of cognitive impairments. For instance, the interplay between excitatory (e.g., glutamate) and inhibitory (e.g., GABA) neurotransmitters is crucial for maintaining cognitive balance, and dysregulation in these systems can lead to a cascade of cognitive and behavioral challenges. Moreover, the complex nature of these neurotransmitter dynamics underscores the challenges faced in developing effective therapeutic strategies, with the potential for personalized treatment plans that cater to individual cognitive profiles.

کلیدواژه ها:

Neurotransmitters ، Glutamate ، GABA ، Neurotransmitter Dysregulation