The Key to Successful Immunotherapy in Osteosarcoma

Introduction:Osteosarcoma, particularly in children and adolescents, presentssignificant treatment challenges due to drug resistance and metastasis.Immunotherapy, as an innovative approach, aims to combat this disease byenhancing the body's immune system. However, the immunosuppressivemicroenvironment of osteosarcoma poses a serious barrier to the success of thistreatment modality. In this review, we explore the potential of nanoparticlesand CAR-T cells in overcoming these challenges. Additionally, we investigatethe importance of personalized medicine in tailoring treatments to the uniquecharacteristics of each patient.Methods:To conduct this review, reputable scientific databases, includingPubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, were searched. Selected articles wereevaluated based on specific criteria such as relevance to the topic andscientific quality, using related keywords. The extracted data were analyzedqualitatively and quantitatively to yield valid and comprehensive results.Results:Studies indicate that the osteosarcoma tumor microenvironment(OS-TME) contains immunosuppressive cells such as MDSCs and Tregs, whichcontribute to tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting immune system function.Nanoparticles, with their ability to deliver drugs in a targeted manner andactivate the immune system, have shown promise in enhancing the efficacy ofimmunotherapy. Personalized medicine plays a crucial role in optimizingtreatments; this means that nanoparticles and immunotherapeutic agents can bedesigned based on individual patient characteristics to achieve the besttherapeutic response. Furthermore, CAR-T cells, engineered to identify anddestroy tumor cells, have had remarkable successes in hematological cancers.However, they face challenges such as poor infiltration into solid tumors likeosteosarcoma and serious side effects. Personalized medicine, by adapting thesecells according to individual patient characteristics and utilizing tumorbiomarkers, can enhance efficacy in reducing drug resistance and increasingimmune responses.Conclusion:Immunotherapy, particularly through the use of nanoparticles andCAR-T cells, holds significant potential in the treatment of osteosarcoma.Nonetheless, the ultimate success of these approaches depends on overcoming thechallenges posed by the tumor's immunosuppressive environment and the sideeffects associated with treatment. In this regard, personalized medicine playsa fundamental role in improving treatment outcomes, as it can optimizetherapies based on the genetic and immune profiles unique to each patient.Future research should focus on developing more efficient and safernanoparticles, improving CAR-T cell design for better tumor targeting, andconducting larger, long-term clinical studies. Additionally, identifyingpredictive biomarkers for treatment response is essential for selecting themost effective therapeutic strategies for each patient.

کلیدواژه ها:

Immunotherapy of Osteosarcoma ، CAR-T cell Therapy ، Nanoparticles ، Personalized Medicine