Diagnostic biomarkers in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignancy affecting males and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among males worldwide. The primary method for early detection of prostate cancer involves the evaluation of prostate specific antigen levels. The identification of molecular biomarkers for prostate cancer that can reliably aid in diagnosis and distinguish patients who require aggressive treatment from those who should avoid overtreatment remains a significant unmet need. Biomarkers serve as objective indicators of normal or pathogenic processes, improving cancer screening, monitoring of diseases, prediction of prognosis, and customization of treatment in the field of drug development. Prostate cancer biomarkers encompass a wide variety of body fluid metabolites, genes, and proteins found in tissues. Biomarkers serve as indicators that are often linked to the development of a disease and show the presence or extent of that biological process. They play a role in diagnostics, staging, prognosis, and tracking response to treatments. Early detection markers for cancer indicate a high risk with almost complete certainty. Prostate cancer biomarkers encompass DNA, RNA, and protein markers, aiding in the assessment of disease progression, treatment efficacy, and establishment of therapeutic objectives. Management of prostate cancer has evolved with biomarker use in screening, detecting, and predicting the disease. Human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was the first serum biomarker for prostate cancer. Here we have some of biomarkers: DAB۲ interacting protein (DAB۲IP) is a Ras GTPase-activating protein that functions as a tumor suppressor. The growing significance of biomarkers in prostate cancer screening, aimed at minimizing invasive follow-up procedures, is evident in the rising volume of research papers in this area. The use of biomarkers in prostate cancer research is leading the field due to the unique correlation between genomic alterations in cancer cells and the progression of the disease. Golgi phosphoprotein ۲(GOLPH۲), is a gene that codes for type II Golgi membrane antigenGOLPH۲/GP۷۳. Ki-۶۷, a cell-proliferation associated marker and probably the only protein with an expression pattern under a level of cell cycle regulation The study of numerous potential biomarkers in a single trial has been made easier due to significant advancements in biomarker technology. While some biomarkers have shown promise in early-phase studies, none have demonstrated the necessary level of sensitivity and specificity for determining the appropriate therapeutic treatment for prostate cancer. This lack of accuracy may be the reason why only a small number of biomarkers are regularly validated for use in drug development or approved for clinical applications, despite the evident progress in this research area.

کلیدواژه ها:

prostate ، early diagnosis ، biomarker