onquering Glioblastoma: The Revolutionary Impact of Nanomedicine on Treatment

Brain cancer, especially aggressive types like glioblastoma, presents significant medical challenges. In ۲۰۱۸, there were ۱.۸ million new cases and ۹.۶ million deaths globally, with a projected ۴۰% increase by ۲۰۳۰. Glioblastoma patients typically survive about ۸ months, with a five-year survival rate of only ۵ to ۱۰ percent. Recent studies in the United States emphasize the urgent need for innovative treatment strategies to improve these alarming statistics. Nanoparticles (NPs), defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry as tiny particles measuring ۱-۳۰۰ nm, possess unique properties that make them valuable in various fields, including medicine and materials science. Their versatility allows for categorization into groups such as fullerene, metal NPs, ceramic NPs, and polymer NPs. Given the poor prognosis of brain cancers like glioblastoma multiforme, nanomedicine presents a promising approach to enhance drug delivery with customizable nanocarriers that improve pharmacokinetics and target cancer cells effectively. This review examines current treatment challenges and recent advancements in nanomedicine, particularly targeted and stimulus-responsive nanocarriers for brain cancer therapy. Method: This study utilized articles collected in English from ۲۰۱۵ to ۲۰۲۴, sourced from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, focusing on the main topic using keywords such as CNS cancer, clinical pathway, targeted therapy, glioblastoma, and nanoparticles. Articles were selected according to specific exclusion criteria and included in the study after a thorough review. Results: The treatment of brain cancers faces significant challenges, as tumors often recur post-surgery and are located in hard-to-reach areas. Many drugs struggle to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-tumor barrier (BBTB), making surgical and radiotherapy methods less effective for high-recurrence types like glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Nanocarrier systems show promise by bypassing the BBB and BBTB, selectively targeting cancer cells, and delivering anticancer agents directly to tumors while minimizing toxicity to healthy tissues. Complementary therapies, including nanotherapy and proper nutrition, are also crucial for improving outcomes in glioblastoma patients. Delivering nanoparticles (NPs) to the brain is challenging due to the BBB. NPs can utilize transport mechanisms like adsorptive-mediated transcytosis (AMT) and receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) to enhance delivery. Preclinical studies suggest that polymeric NPs may provide innovative solutions for CNS cancer treatment. Intravenous injection is the least invasive method for NP-based therapies, allowing targeted treatment while protecting healthy brain tissue. Their adaptability to environmental cues like pH further enhances their potential for personalized treatment. Our review highlighted various types of nanocarriers for drug delivery, including biodegradable polymer nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, dendrimers, lipid nanoparticles, and metal-based nanoparticles like silver and gold. Conclusion: Advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of various nanoparticles (NPs) that enhance drug delivery systems (DDS) for diseases, particularly cancer. These NPs improve diagnosis, treatment, and biomedical imaging by allowing for the simultaneous targeting of multiple tumor molecules and the creation of effective therapeutic strategies. Continued progress in nanotechnology is expected to significantly transform oncology and the broader medical field.

کلیدواژه ها:

CNS Cancer ، Glioblastoma ، Nanoparticles (NPs) ، Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) ، Nanomedicine