an article review of genetic and epigenetic factors in prostate cancer

Abstract Prostate cancer ranks as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men, particularly in the United States and France. Understanding the genetic and epigenetic factors that drive this disease is crucial for improving diagnostic techniques and treatment options. Among the risk factors, certain genetic predispositions, such as inherited syndromes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), play a role. However, epigenetic alterations, primarily through mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modification, are major contributors to carcinogenesis. This underscores the importance of current research linking genetic and epigenetic changes to clinical applications, paving the way for personalized treatment approaches. Identifying specific epigenetic markers could greatly enhance early detection methods and therapeutic strategies, highlighting the heterogeneous nature of prostate cancer and the necessity for tailored treatment plans. Additionally, androgens and their receptor (AR) are critical in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). In diverse racial and ethnic populations, various factors—including lifestyle choices, dietary habits, and biological differences such as genetic mutations, polymorphisms, and variations in androgen and AR levels—further influence the risk of developing PCa.In this review, we aim to present a comprehensive overview of prostate cancer, covering aspects such as disease diagnosis, genetic mutations associated with its onset and progression, and available treatment methods. Diagnosing prostate cancer typically involves digital rectal examinations, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, and prostate biopsies. Specific genetic mutations have been identified as contributing factors to the initiation, advancement, and spread of the disease. For localized prostate cancer, treatment options include active surveillance, ablative radiotherapy, and radical prostatectomy. Patients who experience recurrence or have metastatic prostate cancer are treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), salvage radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Currently, treatment regimens tend to be more effective when used in combination; however, despite these options, prostate cancer remains incurable. Ongoing research is focused on exploring alternative treatment strategies, such as traditional medicine, nanotechnology applications, and gene therapy, to address prostate cancer, tackle drug resistance, and alleviate the side effects associated with existing treatments. This article summarizes the key genes implicated in prostate cancer, the treatment options available, and current investigations into alternative therapeutic approaches.

کلیدواژه ها:

Prostate cancer ، Genetic ، Epigenetics ، cancer screening ، cancer treatment