Examining the results of using FISH technique in diagnosing cytogenetic abnormalities and predicting prognosis in patients with multiple myeloma cancer: A review

Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the clonal plasma cell malignancies associated with cytogenetic abnormalities. Since malignant plasma cells have little mitotic and proliferative activity, cytogenetic analysis of MM is considered challenging. One of the ways to identify abnormalities is to use the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. This test is an advanced technique in cytogenetics and molecular genetics. In this technique, with the help of staining, certain points of the chromosome are identified. In this way, chromosomal defects, genetic disorders and cancers are diagnosed. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the results of using the FISH technique and its application in patients with multiple myeloma. Method: In this review, in order to collect studies, keywords were searched in Pubmed and Google scholar databases during the years ۲۰۱۹ to ۲۰۲۴. The criterion for entering this study was alignment with the main purpose of the study and the criterion for exit was lack of access to the complete file and incompleteness of the article. ۷۳ selected articles were screened and finally ۲۹ of them were analyzed. Result: ۱۶ studies out of ۲۹ selected studies included ۵۳۷۵ patients with multiple myeloma whose BM samples were analyzed by FISH technique. The most detected abnormalities were del(۱۷p), del(۱p), del۱۳, t(۴,۱۴), t(۱۴,۱۶), increase of ۱q۲۱ and least of all t(۱۱,۱۴). Abnormalities that had prognostic value according to ۴ other studies conducted on ۲۴۶۳ patients included del(۱۷p), t(۴,۱۴) and t(۱۴,۱۶). The results showed that chromosomal abnormalities in proportion Different combinations can affect the prognosis of MM patients.In ۳ other studies conducted on the MYC gene in ۶۰۲ MM patients, according to the results, it was found that this gene plays a role in the early recurrence of MM. In ۴ other studies, the results showed that the efficiency of FISH depends on plasma cell enrichment methods. Also, in ۹۵% of cases, FISH provides more information about genetic abnormalities than G-banding. In a study conducted on ۳۸۱ MM patients, t(۱۴,۱۷) was identified for the first time by FISH method. In a study conducted on ۲۹ MM patients with the help of FISH, it was found that CD۵۶+ patients were more than non-CD۵۶+ patients. Also, in ۲ other studies with the help of FISH, abnormalities that cause MM recurrence were identified, which included del(۱۷p), t(۱۱,۱۴) and MYC gene. Conclusion: The present study showed that the FISH technique can help in detecting cytogenetic abnormalities and determining the prognosis of MM, but there are still few studies on the application of FISH in determining the prognosis of MM and also in the field of identifying abnormalities that lead to MM recurrence and more studies are needed in this area.

کلیدواژه ها:

multiple myeloma ، FISH ، fluorescent in situ hybridization ، cytogenetic abnormalities ، prognosis