Ionometallurgy: ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, a new generation of solvents for green metallurgy

Ionometallurgy, an emerging branch of metallurgical science, leverages ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as innovative alternatives to traditional aqueous solvents. These green solvents, characterized by low vapor pressure, non-volatility, and unique tunable properties, align with the principles of green chemistry introduced in ۱۹۹۸. Their adoption promises transformative advancements in metal extraction and recovery processes, offering a sustainable alternative to energy-intensive pyrometallurgy and environmentally detrimental hydrometallurgy.This study explores the advantages of ionometallurgy, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, minimized water usage, and enhanced selectivity for specific metals. It highlights ILs and DESs' ability to dissolve complex metal oxides and recover valuable metals from low-grade ores, electronic waste, and spent batteries. Despite these benefits, challenges such as toxicity and high production costs of certain ILs and DESs remain barriers to industrial application.To address these issues, ongoing research focuses on designing safer, cost-effective solvents and improving recycling methods. This paper provides a comprehensive review of ionometallurgy's potential, emphasizing its role in advancing sustainable metallurgical practices while proposing future directions to overcome existing limitations.