Electrolyte Imbalances and Dehydration in Children: Biochemical Insights and Nursing Interventions in ICU Settings-An Updated Review

Electrolyte imbalances and dehydration are prevalent and potentially life-threatening conditions in pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) patients. These issues often arise from infectious diseases, gastrointestinal fluid losses, and metabolic disturbances, potentially leading to complications such as shock, organ dysfunction, and mortality. A thorough understanding of the biochemical pathways underlying these conditions is essential for improving patient outcomes in critical care settings. This review provides an updated overview for healthcare professionals on the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic strategies, and evidence-based nursing interventions for managing dehydration and electrolyte imbalances in pediatric ICU patients. In addition, it explores biochemical pathways, such as the role of respiratory acidosis, and reviews current therapeutic approaches. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on studies and clinical guidelines published over the past decade. Sources were retrieved from databases such as PubMed and Scopus, emphasizing research on pathophysiology, biochemical mechanisms, clinical evaluation, and nursing practices in the ICU context. This review identifies major contributors to dehydration, including diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and metabolic disorders. It discusses the impact of respiratory acidosis on dehydration severity and highlights common electrolyte imbalances, such as hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Evidence-based nursing interventions, including early detection, oral and intravenous fluid management, and monitoring of biochemical markers, are presented as key strategies to prevent complications and optimize care. Managing dehydration and electrolyte imbalances in pediatric ICU patients requires prompt diagnosis, a clear understanding of biochemical mechanisms, and effective nursing interventions. Emphasis on early fluid resuscitation, biochemical monitoring, and caregiver education is critical to improving outcomes and preventing complications.

کلیدواژه ها:

Electrolyte Imbalance ، dehydration ، children ، ICU ، Respiratory Acidosis ، Nursing Interventions ، fluid management ، biochemical pathways