Importance of Toxins in Repro-Medicine; Focusing on IVF Outcomes

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an assisted reproductive technology(ART) in which the ovum is fertilized by sperm outside of thephysical structure. The zygote is cultured in growth medium forapproximately ۵ days and the resulting embryo or blastocyst istransferred back into the women. The first IVF pregnancy wasaccomplished in ۱۹۷۸ and since then, IVF and its variant intracytoplasmicsperm injection (ICSI), has become the main formof ART used to treat infertility for both males and females. Theuse of ARTs such as IVF is increasing. Consequently, it is highlyimportant to know all factors that can affect the success rate ofIVF, especially due to the emotional costs, time and money investedinto treatment cycles. The lifestyle factors, including cigarettesmoking, alcohol use and nutritional habits influence oocyteproduction, fertilization rates, pregnancy and pregnancy loss.Reproductive maturation and function are similarly influencedby early-life consequences. This should not be surprising, becausethe primordial follicle pool is established early in life andis thus vulnerable to early-life events. Outcomes of clinical andexperimental studies have indicated that early-life adversity isassociated with a decline in ovarian follicular reserve, changesin ovulation rates, and altered age at onset of puberty.Female reproduction is regulated by hormones and is susceptibleto the effects of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals.Disruptions in female reproductive functions by endocrine disruptingchemicals may result in subfertility, infertility, improperhormone production, oestrous and menstrual cycle abnormalities,anovulation, and early reproductive senescence.Furthermore, fertilization and embryo development in vitrohave the potential to introduce stresses which cannot only impairembryo development in the laboratory, but also which canhave downstream effects after transfer. The current subject areawill reveal the toxins impact on fertility and treatment outcomesusing systematic reviews and Meta analysis.