Myopia progression in children before and after the coronavirus disease lockdown

Abstract Background: The worldwide spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-۱۹) pandemic in ۲۰۲۰, followed by lockdowns, forced children to be in home confinement with increased screen time, leading to rapid progression of myopia and an increase in the prevalence of myopia. This study was aimed at determining if myopia progression seen in evidence-based practice resulted from the COVID-۱۹ lockdown or delayed follow-ups. Methods: A retrospective review of case sheets of patients visiting the pediatric department of a tertiary care eye hospital in Mumbai, India, was conducted from ۲۰۱۷ onwards. We enrolled all children with myopia who had attended at least one follow-up visit before the COVID-۱۹ lockdown and at least one follow-up visit post-lockdown. The spherical equivalent (SEQ) of refractive error values at baseline and pre- and post-COVID-۱۹ lockdown follow-ups (hereinafter referred to as the “first” and “second” follow-ups, respectively) were recorded. The duration between baseline and the first follow-up visit and between the first and second follow-up visits were noted. Results: We enrolled ۱۱۲ eyes of ۵۶ children, including ۳۵ (۶۲.۵%) boys and ۲۱ (۳۷.۵%) girls, with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of ۹.۵۴ (۲.۸۲) years. The mean (SD) SEQ values at baseline and first and second follow-ups were - ۴.۷۴ (۳.۸۳), - ۵.۴۶ (۳.۸۱), and - ۶.۴۲ (۳.۶۶) D, respectively. The mean change in SEQ, mean SEQ myopia progression, and rate of myopia progression per month differed significantly between the baseline and the first follow-up visit versus between the first and second follow-ups (all P < ۰.۰۵). However, the change in myopia degree did not differ significantly between these two periods in eyes with low, moderate, or high myopia (all P > ۰.۰۵). The mean (SD) duration between the baseline and the first follow-up visit was ۱۴.۵۷ (۵.۶۸) months, while that between the first and second follow-ups was ۲۷.۹۶ (۹.۱۸) months, showing a significant difference (P < ۰.۰۵). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a longer gap between follow-up visits and myopia progression per month should be factored into the management of myopia. Considering that young children are more vulnerable, preventive measures and school reforms should be urgently implemented in India. Further retrospective multicenter studies with a larger sample size of eyes, including various refractive errors over a longer period, are required to verify these findings. Keywords: myopia clinical progression health lockdown COVID-۱۹ pandemic visual acuity ocular refraction