Scenario of solid waste management in present Indian context

A trend of significant increase in municipal solid waste generation has been recorded worldwide. This has been found due to over population growth rate, industrialization, urbanization and economic growth. Consumerism speed has been found very high covering around more then ۵۰% of total population since last decade due to higher economic growth, which has ultimately resulted in increased solid waste generation. Municipal solid waste generation showed different trend and a positive correlation with economic development in term of kg/capita/day solid waste generation at world scale. Municipal solid waste generation has been recorded much higher in western and some eastern developed countries. Solid waste generation kg/capita/day was found ۲ kg in USA, ۱.۸۹ kg in Australia, ۱.۸ kg in Canada, ۱.۸۳ kg in Ireland, ۱.۱ kg in Belgium and Switzerland, ۰.۹۹ kg in Spain, ۰.۹۶ kg in Italy, ۰.۸۵ kg in Mexico and Greece during ۱۹۹۲ as per report and expected to be increased at least ۲۵% by ۲۰۰۵ due to population and economic revolution. Similarly solid waste generation in several developing countries and cities has been found in South East Asia region. Some important data can be mentioned such as ۱.۲ kg in Changging (۱۹۹۷), ۰.۶ kg in Shanghai (۱۹۹۳), ۰.۸۸ kg in Beijing (۱۹۹۱), ۱.۱۷ kg in Hong Kong residential cities and ۳.۹ kg commercial (۱۹۹۴), ۱.۵ kg in Tokyo, ۲.۷ kg in Osaka, Japan (۱۹۹۳), ۰.۶۶ kg in Jakarta, Indonesia (۱۹۹۳), ۱.۲۹ kg in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (۱۹۸۹), ۰.۵۳ kg in Metro Manila Philippines (۱۹۹۵), ۰.۵ kg in Khulana, Dhaka, Chittagong, ۰.۴ kg Sylhat, Bangladesh (۱۹۹۱). Total Solid waste generated in Tons/day would be proportionate to the population of specific city in that specific/mentioned year. Population growth and solid waste generation in India has varying trend and correlation between population and solid waste generation of specificity is not necessary to be applicable. Population growth and solid waste generation in India has varying trend and correlation between population and solid waste generation of specific city is not necessary to be applicable. Population increased from ۸.۲ to ۱۲.۳ million in Mumbai during the period of Ten years (۱۹۸۱-۹۷) at the rate of ۴۹%. Similarly the population growth has been found to rise exponentially in other Indian cities; however, the growth rate may be varying. Trend of urbanization played significant role in enhancement of solid waste generation and in India it was ۲۷.۸% in ۲۰۰۱ and expected to reach ۴۱% by ۲۰۲۱. In certain Indian cities, Solid waste generation has been found in ۱۹۹۵ was ۰.۶۴ kg in Kanpur, ۰.۵۲ kg in Lucknow, ۰.۴ kg in Varanasi, ۰.۵۹ kg in Ahemadabad and ۰.۴۴ kg in Mumbai. Currently total solid waste generated in India is around ۴۲ million tons annually. Waste generation varies from ۲۰۰-۶۰۰ kg/capita/day and collection efficiency ranges from ۵۰-۹۰%.   REFERENCES Ahsan, N. (۱۹۹۹) Solid waste management plan for Indian megacities. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection. ۱۹, ۹۰-۹۵. Bhide A.D. and Shekdar, A.B. (۱۹۹۸) Solid waste management in Indian urban centers. International Solid Waste Assoociation Times (ISWA). ۱, ۲۶-۲۸ Botkin, D.B. and Keller, E.A. (۲۰۰۰) Environmental Science-Earth as a living planet. IIIEd John Wiley & Sons. New York. pp. ۵۷۲-۵۹۳. CPCB. (۲۰۰۰) Management of Municipal Solid Waste. Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi, India. CPCB. (۲۰۰۰a) Management of Municipal Solid Waste. Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi, India. CPCB. (۲۰۰۴) Management of Municipal Solid Waste. Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi, India. Das, D., Srinivasu, M. and Bandyopadhyay, M. (۱۹۹۸) Solid state acidification of vegetable waste. Indian Journal of Environmental Health. ۴۰(۴), ۳۳۳-۳۴۲. Gupta, P.K., Jha, A.K., Koul, S., Sharma, P., Pradhan, V., Gupta, V., Sharma, C. and Singh, N. (۲۰۰۷) Methane and nitrous Oxide Emission from bovine Manure Management Practices in India. Journal of Environmental Pollution. ۱۴۶, ۲۱۹- ۲۲۴. Kansal, A. (۲۰۰۲) Solid Waste management strategies for India. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection. ۲۲(۴), ۴۴۴-۴۴۸. Khan, R.R. (۱۹۹۴) Environmental management of municipal solid wastes. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection. ۱۴, ۲۶-۳۰. Pappu, A., Saxena, M. and Asokar, S.R. (۲۰۰۷) Solid waste generation in India and their recycling potential in building materials. 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(۱۹۹۷) Solid wastes: Engineering Principles and Management Issues, Mc Graw-Hill publications, NewYork, USA. pp. ۵۲. Thomas, V.M., and Spiro, T.G. (۱۹۹۶) The U.S. dioxin inventory: are there missing sources? Environmental Science & Technology. ۳۰, ۸۲A-۸۵A. Turk, L.J. (۱۹۷۰) Disposal of solid wastesacceptable practice or geological nightmare. In: Environmental Geology. American Geological Institute, Washington, D.C. pp.۱-۴۲. http://segate.sunet.se/archives/rt-w۱۰.html. http://cpcb.nic.in

کلیدواژه ها:

Incineration ، Land filling ، Solid Waste ، Solid Waste Management