Influence of Cadmium Toxicity on Rice Genotypes as Affected by Zinc, Sulfur and Nitrogen Fertilizers

Cadmium (Cd) is among the most widespread and toxic heavy metal in several part of the world. Its toxicity in soil is becoming a severe threat to living organism worldwide. It is one of the main pollutants in paddy fields near industrial areas and highly toxic to plant growth and development of the plants. Cd can be easily taken up by plants and enter the food chain. Therefore, precautionary measurements should be done to reduce accumulation of Cd in crops to alleviate the risk of health hazards in response to Cd-polluted soils. Several strategies have been proposed for the successful management of the Cd-contaminated in crops. One approach, applicable on slightly contaminated soils, is selection of plant genotypes with high ability to repress root uptake and shoot transport of Cd which could be a reasonable approach to alleviate adverse effects of Cd toxicity in crops. Moreover, the toxic effect of Cd can be decreased by proper application of essential nutrients such as Zn, S and N fertilizers Cd contaminated soil.   REFERENCES Ajakaiye, C. O. (۱۹۸۱) Influence of soil applications of nitrogen on nitrate reductase activity, leaf and protein content in sorghum. Plant Soil. ۶۰, ۴۲۳- ۴۳۴. Alloway, B. J. (۱۹۹۵) Heavy Metals in Soils, ۲nd ed. Blackie Academic & Professional Publishers, London. ۳۶۸ p. Angelova, I. and Atanassov, V. I. (۱۹۹۳) Deposition of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu in the soil of the smelter’s area near Plovdiv. Sci. Works Higher Inst. Agri. ۳۸, ۹۹-۱۰۲ (BG). Aravind, P., Prasad, M. N. V. (۲۰۰۳) Zinc alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Ceratophyllum demersum L: a free-floating freshwater macrophyte. Plant Physiol and Biochem. ۴۱, ۳۹۱- ۳۹۷ Bettger, W. J. and O’Dell, B. L. (۱۹۸۱) A critical physiological role of zinc in the structure and function of biomembrances, Life Sci. ۲۸, ۱۴۲۵- ۲۸۷.  Bingham, T., Page, A. L. and Strong, J. E. (۱۹۸۰) Yield and cadmium content of rice grain in relation to addition rates of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc with sewage sludge and liming. Soil Sci. ۱۳۰, ۳۲-۳۸. Bungard, R. A., McNeil, D. and Morton, J. D. (۱۹۹۷) Effects of nitrogen on the photosynthetic apparatus of Clematis vitalba grown at several irradiances. Australian J. of Plant Physiol. ۲۴, ۲۰۵- ۲۱۴.  Cataldo, C. A., Garland, T. R. and Wildung, R. E. (۱۹۸۳) Cadmium uptake kinetics in intact soybean plants. Plant Physiol. ۷۳, ۸۴۴- ۸۴۸. Chaoui, A., Ghorbal, M. H. and El-Ferjani, .E. (۱۹۹۷) Effect of cadmium-zinc on hydrogenically grown bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Sci. ۱۲۶, ۲۱- ۲۸. Chen, Y. and Huerta, A. J. (۱۹۹۷) Effects of sulfur nutrition on photosynthesis in cadmium-treated barley seedlings. J. Plant Nutr. ۲۰, ۸۴۵-۸۵۶. Choudhary, M., Bailey, L. D., Grant, C. A. and Leisle, D. (۱۹۹۵) Effect of Zn on the concentration of Cd and Zn in plant tissue of two Durum wheat lines. Can. J. Plant Sci. ۷۵, ۴۴۵– ۴۴۸. Cobbett, C. S. (۲۰۰۰) Phytochelatins and their roles in heavy metal detoxification. Plant Physiol. ۱۲۳, ۸۲۵- ۸۳۲. De Vos, C. H. R., and Schat, H. (۱۹۸۱) Free radicals and heavy metal tolerance. In Rozema J and Verkleij J (eds.) Ecological responses to environmental stress. AC Kluwar Publishers, The Netherlands. pp. ۲۲- ۳۰. Ed. J. Nriagu, Wiley and Sons, New York, ۶۳۹– ۶۵۳. Dunbar, K. R., McLaughlin, M. J. and Reid, R. J. (۲۰۰۳) The uptake and partitioning of cadmium in two cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). J. Exp. Bot. ۵۴, ۳۴۹- ۳۵۴. Evans, J. R. and Terashima, I. (۱۹۸۷) Effects of nitrogen nutrition on electron transport components and photosynthesis in ۶ Cadmium toxicity on rice genotypes spinach. Australian J. of Plant Physiolo. ۱۴, ۵۹- ۶۸. Fergusson, J. E. (۱۹۹۱) The Heavy Elements: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects. Pergamon Press, OxfordNew York-Tokyo- Seoul. ۳۲۹– ۴۰۶. Frechilla, S., Bonzalez, E. M., Royuela, M., Arrese- Igor, C., Lamsfus, C and AparicioTejo, P.M., (۱۹۹۹) Source of nitrogen nutrition affects pea growth involving changes in stomatal conductance and photorespiration. J. Plant Nutr. ۲۲, ۹۱۱- ۹۲۶. Grant, C., Buckley, W., Bailey, L. and Selles, F. (۱۹۹۸) Cadmium accumulation in crops. Can. J. Plant Scienc., ۷۸, ۱- ۱۷. Grill, E., Winnacker, E. L. and Zenk, M. H. (۱۹۸۵) Phytochelatins: The principal heavy metal complexing peptides of higher plants. Science ۲۳۰, ۶۷۴- ۶۷۶ Hall, J. L. (۲۰۰۲) Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance. J. Experimental Botany, ۵۳, ۱- ۱۱. Harris, N. and Taylor, G. J. (۲۰۰۱) Remobilization of cadmium in maturing shoots of near isogenic lines of durum wheat that differ in grain cadmium accumulation. J. Exp. Bot. ۵۲, ۱۴۷۳-۱۴۸۱ Hassan, M. J., Shao, G. and Zhang, G. (۲۰۰۵a) Influence of cadmium toxicity on antioxidant enzymes activity in rice cultivars with different grain Cd accumulation. J. Plant Nutr. ۲۸, ۱۲۵۹- ۱۲۷۰  Hassan, M. J., Zhang, G., Wu, F, Wei, K., and Chonghua, C. (۲۰۰۵b) Zinc alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cadmium toxicity in rice. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. ۱۶۸, ۲۵۶- ۲۶۱  Hassan, M. J., Wang, Z. and Zhang, G. (۲۰۰۵c) Sulfur alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by cadmium toxicity in rice. J. Plant Nutr. ۲۸, ۱۷۸۵-۱۷۸۰ Hassan, M. J., Wang, F., Ali, S. and Zhang, G. (۲۰۰۵d) Toxic effect of cadmium on rice as affected by nitrogen fertilizer form. Plant and Soil, ۲۷۷, ۳۵۹- ۳۶۵ Herandez, L.E., Garate, A. and Caroeba-Ruiz. R. (۱۹۹۷) Effect of cadmium on the uptake, distribution and assimilation of nitrate in Pisum sativum. Plant and Soil. ۱۸۹, ۹۷-۱۰۶. Howden, R., Goldsbrough, P.B., Andersen, C.R. and Cobbet, C.S. (۱۹۹۵) Cadmiumsensitive, Cd۱ mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana are phytochelatin deficient. Plant Physiol. ۱۰۷, ۱۰۵۹- ۱۰۶۶. Hu, Y.T. and Kao, C.H. (۲۰۰۳) Changes in protein and amino acid contents in two cultivars of rice seedlings with different apparent tolerance to cadmium. Plant Growth Regulation. ۴۰, ۱۴۷- ۱۵۵. Jarup, L., Berglund, M., Elinder, C.G., Nordberg, G. and Vahter, M. (۱۹۹۸) Health effects of cadmium exposure-a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health ۲۴, ۱- ۵۱. Joel, G., Gamon, J. A. and Field, C.B. (۱۹۹۷) Production efficiency in sunflower the role of water and nitrogen stress. Remote Sensing of the Environment. ۶۲, ۱۷۶- ۱۸۸.  Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H. (۲۰۰۱) Trace elements in soils and plants. Boca Raton, USA, CRC Press. Third edition.  Kastori, R., Petrovic M. and Petrovic N. (۱۹۹۲) Effects of excess lead, cadmium, copper and zinc on water relations in sunflower. J. Plant Nutr. ۱۵, ۲۴۲۷- ۲۴۳۹. Khater, A., Abou-Seed M., Soliman, S. and Salem, N. (۱۹۹۱) Growth, nodule formation, chlorophyll content and the uptake of some nutrients by broad bean plants as affected by cadmium application. Agrochim. ۳۵, ۴۳۴- ۴۴۰. Kim, T., Harry, A. M. and Hazel, Y. W. (۲۰۰۲) Studies on the effect of zinc supply on growth and nutrient uptake in pecan. J. Plant.Nutr. ۲۵, ۱۹۸۷- ۲۰۰۰ Kochian, L. V., Pence, N. S., Letham, D. L. D., Pineros, M. A., Magalhaes, J. V., Hoekenga, O. A. Garvin, D. F. (۲۰۰۲) Mechanisms of metal resistance in plants: aluminum and heavy metals. Plant Soil, ۲۴۷, ۱۰۹-۱۱۹. Larson, W. J. (۱۹۸۸) The antioxidants of higher plants, Phytochemistry. ۲۷, ۹۶۹- ۷۶۸. Leustek, T., Martin, M. N., Bick, J. N. and Davies, J. P., (۲۰۰۰) Pathways and regulation of sulfur metabolism revealed through molecular and genetic studies. Annu Rev Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. ۵۱, ۱۴۱- ۱۶۵. Li, Y. M., Channey, L. R. and Schneiter, A. A. (۱۹۹۵) Genotypic variation in kernel cadmium concentration in sunflower germplasm under varying soil conditions. Crop Sci. ۳۵, ۱۳۷- ۱۴۱. Liu, J. G., Liang, J. S., Li, K. Q., Zhang, Z. J., Yu B. Y., Lu X. L. and YangZhu, Q. S. (۲۰۰۳) Correlations between cadmium and mineral nutrients in absorption and accumulation in various genotypes of rice Hassan et al., ۷ under cadmium stress. Chemosphere. ۵۲, ۱۴۶۷- ۱۴۷۳.  Liu, M. C, Li, H. F., Xia, L. J. and Yang, L.S. (۲۰۰۱) Effect of Fe, Mn coating formed on roots on Cd uptake by rice varieties. Acta Ecologica Sinica. ۲۱, ۵۹۸- ۶۰۲. Maclean, A. J. (۱۹۷۶) Cadmium in different plant species and its availability in soils as influenced by organic matter and additions of lime, P, Cd and Zn. Can. J. Soil Sci. ۵۶, ۱۲۹- ۱۳۸. Majerowicz, N. and Kerbauy, J. (۲۰۰۲) Effect of nitrogen form on dry matter partitioning and nitrogen metabolism in two contrasting genotype of Catasetum fimbriatum (orchidaceae). Environ. Exp. Bot. ۴۷, ۲۴۹- ۲۵۸. Makino, A., Sakashita, H., Hidema, J., Mae, T., Ojima, K. and Osmond, B. (۱۹۹۲) Distinctive responses of ribulose-۱, ۵- bisphosphate carboxylase and carbonic anhydrase in wheat leaves to nitrogen nutrition and their possible relationships to CO۲ transfer resistance. Plant Physiol. ۱۰۰, ۱۷۳۷ -۱۷۴۳. Moraghan, J. T. (۱۹۹۳) Accumulation of cadmium and selected elements in flax seed grown on a calcareous soil. Plant and Soil. ۱۵۰, ۶۱- ۶۸. Nakashima, K., Kobayashi, E., Nogawa, K., Kido, T. and Honda, R. (۱۹۹۷) Concentration of cadmium in rice and urinary indicators of renal dysfunction. Occup. Environ. Med. ۵۴, ۷۵۰- ۷۵۵. Nordberg, G. F., Jin, T., Kong, Q., Ye, T., Cai, S., Wang, Z., Zhuang, F. and Wu, X. (۱۹۹۷) Biological monitoring of cadmium exposure and renal effects in a population group residing in a polluted area in China. Sci. Total Environ. ۱۹۹, ۱۱۱- ۱۱۴. Nussbaum, S., Schmutz, D. and Brunold, C. (۱۹۸۸) Regulation of assimilatory sulfate reduction by cadmium in Zea mays L. Plant Physiol. ۸۸, ۱۴۰۷-۱۴۱۰. Oliver, D. P., Wilhelm, N. S., McFarlane, J. D., Tiller, K. G. and Cozens, G. D. (۱۹۹۷) Effect of soil and foliar applications of zinc on cadmium concentration in wheat grain. Australian J. Expt. Agriculture ۳۷, ۶۷۷- ۶۸۲. Oliver, D. O., Hannam, R., Tiller, K. G., Wilhelm, N. S., Merry, R. H. and Cozens, G. D. (۱۹۹۴) The effects of zinc fertilization on cadmium concentration in wheat grain. J. Environ. Qual. ۲۳, ۷۰۵-۷۱۱. Oritz, D. F., Kreppel, L., Speiser D. M, Scheel, G, McDonald, G. and Ow, D. W., (۱۹۹۲) Heavy metal tolerance in the fission yeast requires an ATP-binding cassette-type vacuolar membrane transporter. EMBO J. ۱۱, ۳۴۹۱- ۳۴۹۹. Ozturk, L., Karanlik, S., Özkutlu, F., Çakmak, I. and Kochian L. V. (۲۰۰۳) Shoot biomass and zinc/cadmium uptake for hyper accumulator and non-accumulator Thlaspi species in response to growth on a zincdeficient calcareous soil. Plant Sci. ۱۶۴, ۱۰۹۵- ۱۱۰۱. Penner, G. A., Clarke, J., Bezte, L. J. and Leisle, D. (۱۹۹۵) Identification of RAPD markers linked to a gene governing cadmium uptake in durum wheat. Genome. ۳۸, ۵۴۳- ۵۴۷. Petrovic, N., Kastori, R. and Rajean, I. (۱۹۹۰). The effect of cadmium on nitrate reductase activity in sugar beet (Beeta vulgaris). Plant nutrition- Physiolo and Applications. Ed. M L van Beusichem. pp ۱۰۷- ۱۰۹. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Prasad, M.N.V. and Hagemeyer J. (Eds.) (۱۹۹۹) Heavy metal stress in plants from molecules to ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. Rüegsegger, A. and Brunold, C. (۱۹۹۲) Effect of cadmium on Y- glutamylcysteine synthesis in maize seedlings. Plant Physiol. ۹۹, ۴۲۸- ۴۳۳. Salt, D. E. and Rauser, W. E. (۱۹۹۵) MgATPdependent transport of phytochelatins across the tonoplast of oat roots. Plant Physiol. ۱۰۷, ۱۲۹۳- ۱۳۰۱. Sanità di Toppi, L. and Gabbrieli, R. (۱۹۹۹) Response to cadmium in higher plants, Environ. Exp. Bot. ۴۱, ۱۰۵- ۱۳۰. Scheller, H. V., Huang, B., Hatch, E. and Goldsbrough, P. B. (۱۹۸۷) Phytochelatin synthesis and glutathione levels in response to heavy metals in tomato cells. Plant Physiol. ۸۵, ۱۰۳۱- ۱۰۳۵. Siedlecka, A. and Krupa, Z. (۱۹۹۶) Interaction between cadmium and iron and its effects on photosynthetic capacity of primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Physiol. Biochem. ۳۴, ۸۳۳- ۸۴۱. Siedlecka, A. (۱۹۹۵) Some aspects of interactions between heavy metals and plant mineral nutrients. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. ۶۴, ۲۶۵- ۲۷۲. Smilde, K. W., Luit B. V. and Driel, W. V. (۱۹۹۲) The extraction by soil and absorption by plants of applied zinc and cadmium. Plant and Soil. ۱۴۳, ۲۳۳- ۲۳۸. Smith, G. C. and Brennan, E. G. (۱۹۸۳) Cadmium–zinc interaction in tomato plants. Phytopathology ۷۳, ۸۷۹–۸۸۲. Stolt, J. P, Sneller, F. E. C., Bryngelsson, T., Lundborg T., Schat, H. (۲۰۰۳) Phytochelatin and cadmium accumulation in wheat. Environ. Exp. Bot. ۴۹, ۲۱- ۲۸. Vallee, B. L. and Auld. D.S. (۱۹۹۰) Zinc coordination, function and structure of zinc enzymes and other proteins, Biochemistry. ۲۹, ۵۶۴۷- ۵۶۵۹. Von-Caemmererm, S. and Farquharm, G .D. M. (۱۹۸۱) Some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves. Planta. ۱۵۳, ۳۷۶- ۳۸۷ Wahbeh, M. I. (۱۹۸۴) Levels of zinc, manganese, magnesium, iron and cadmium in three species of seagrass from Aqaba (Jordan). Aquatic Botany ۲۰, ۱۷۹-۱۸۳. Wang, K. R. and Gong, H. Q. (۱۹۹۶) Compared study on the cadmium absorption and distribution of two genotypes rice. Agroenvironmental Protection ۱۵, ۱۴۵– ۱۴۹. Wang, K. R., ۲۰۰۲. Tolerance of cultivated plants to cadmium and their utilization in polluted farmland soils. Acta Biotechnol. ۲۲, ۱۸۹– ۱۹۸.  Weigel, H. J. and Jager, H. J. (۱۹۸۰) Subcellular distribution and chemical form of cadmium in bean plants. Plant Physiol. ۶۵, ۴۸۰- ۴۸۲ White, M. C., and Chaney, R. L. (۱۹۸۰.) Zinc, Cd and Mn uptake by soybean from two Zn and Cd-amended coastal plant soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. ۴۴, ۳۰۸- ۳۱۳. Wu, F. B., Zhang, G. P. and Peter, D. (۲۰۰۳) Four barley genotypes respond differently to cadmium: lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant capacity. Environ. Exp. Bot. ۵۰, ۶۷- ۷۷.  Wu, Q. T., Chen, L. and Wang, G. S. (۱۹۹۹) Differences on Cd uptake and accumulation among rice cultivars and its mechanism. Acta Ecologica Sinica. ۱۹, ۱۰۴-۱۰۷. Zago, M. P. and Oteiza, P. I. (۲۰۰۱) The antioxidant properties of zinc: interactions with iron and antioxidants, Free Rad. Biol. Med. ۳۱, ۲۶۶- ۲۷۴. Zenk, M.H. (۱۹۹۶) Heavy metal detoxification in higher plants. A review. Gene. ۱۷۹, ۲۱-۳۰

کلیدواژه ها:

cadmium ، Genotypes ، Nitrogen ، rice ، sulfur ، Toxicity ، Zinc