A Comparative Study on Body Shape of the Genus Alburnus (Rafinesque, ۱۸۲۰) in Iran, Using Geometric Morphometric Analysis

Geometric morphometric method was used to examine body shape variations among all the seven valid species of the genus Alburnus in Iran. In total ۴۰۹ specimens of A. chalcoides, A. filippii, A. atropatenae, A. caeruleus, A. mossulensis, A. hohenackeri and A. zagrosensis were collected from Babolrud, Baleqlu-Chai, Miriseh, Sarabeleh, Gamasiyab, Mahabad-Chai Rivers and the Gandoman lagoon, respectively. Shape data was extracted by recording ۱۵ landmark points on ۲-D pictures of specimens. The PCA, DFA and CVA/MANOVA analysis were used to examine shape differences among the seven species. Significant differences were found among the species in term of body shape. The PCA and CVA/MANOVA showed separation of A. hohenackeri and A. caeruleus from the others. Results revealed that the studied species are divided into two categories; a group with great body depth and short caudal peduncle and the other one with shallow body depth and longer caudal peduncle. The obtained body shape properties can provide a shape-based identification key for the genus Alburnus in Iran, useful for fisheries and stock management or conservation programs.   REFERENCES Adams, D.C., Rohlf, F.J. and Slice, D.E. (۲۰۰۴) Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the “revolution.” Italian Journal of Zoology, ۷۱, ۵–۱۶. AnvariFar, H. Khyabani, A.R., Farahmand, H., Vatandoust, S., AnvariFar, H. and Jahageerdar, S.H. (۲۰۱۱) Detection of morphometric differentiation between isolated up- and downstream populations of SiahMahi (Capoeta capoeta gracilis) (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in the Tajan River (Iran). Hydrobiologia, ۶۷۳, ۴۱–۵۲. Balon, E.K. (۱۹۹۳) Dynamics of biodiversity and mechanisms of change: a plea for balanced attention to form creation and extinction. Biological Conservation, ۶۶, ۵-۱۶. Bogutskaya, N.G., Kucuk, F. and Unlu, E. (۲۰۰۰) Alburnus baliki, a new species of cyprinid fish from the Manavgat River system, Turkey. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, ۱۱, ۵۵-۶۴. Bookstein, F.L. (۱۹۹۱) Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology, Cambridge University Press, New York, (p. ۴۳۵). New York: Cambridge University Press. Xvii. Bookstein, F.L. (۱۹۹۶) Biometrics, biomathematics and the morphometric synthesis. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, ۵۸(۲), ۳۱۳–۳۶۵. Cadrin, S.X. and Friedland, K.D. (۱۹۹۹) The utility of image processing techniques for morphometric analysis and stock identification. Fisheries Research, ۴۳, ۱۲۹–۱۳۹.  Cadrin, S.X. and Silva, V.M. (۲۰۰۵) Morphometric variation of yellowtail flounder. ICES Journal of Marine Science, ۶۲, ۶۸۳–۶۹۴.  Coad, B.W. (۲۰۰۹) Alburnus zagrosensis n. sp., a new species of fish from the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, ۴۸, ۶۳–۷۰. Coad, B.W. (۲۰۱۳) Freshwater fishes of Iran. Available at http://www.briancoad.com (accessed on ۲۳ May ۲۰۱۳). Conover, D.O., Arnott, S.A., Walsh, M.R. and Munch, S.B. (۲۰۰۵) Darwinian fishery science: lessons from the Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, ۶۲, ۷۴۰–۷۳۷. Costa, C. and Cataudella, S. (۲۰۰۷) Relationship between shape and trophic ecology of selected species of Sparids of the Caprolace coastal lagoon (central Tyrrhenian Sea). Environmental Biology of Fishes, ۷۸, ۱۱۵–۱۲۳. Dryden, I.L. and Mardia, K.V. (۱۹۹۸) Statistical Shape Analysis. New York: John Wiley and Sons.  Freyhof, J. and Kottelat, M. (۲۰۰۷) Alburnus vistonicus, a new species of shemaya from eastern Greece, with remarks on Chalcalburnus chalcoides macedonicus from Lake Volvi (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, ۱۸, ۲۰۵–۲۱۲. Gatz, A.J., Jr. (۱۹۷۹) Community organization in fishes as indicated by morphological features. Ecology, ۷۱۱- ۷۱۸. Guill, J.M., Hood, C.S. and Heins, D.C. (۲۰۰۳) Body shape variation within and among three species of darters (Perciformes: Percidae). Ecology of Freshwater Fish, ۱۲, ۱۳۴–۱۴۰. Harris, R.J. (۱۹۷۵) A primer of multivariate statistics. Academic Press, New York. Heidari, A., Mousavi-Sabet, H., Khoshkholgh, M., Esmaeili, H.R., Eagderi, S. (۲۰۱۳) The impact of Manjil and Tarik dams (Sefidroud River, southern Caspian Sea basin) on morphological traits of SiahMahi Capoeta gracilis (Pisces: Cyprinidae). International Journal of Aquatic Biology, ۱(۴), ۱۹۵-۲۰۱. Khataminejad, S., Mousavi-Sabet, H., Sattari, M. and Vatandoust, S. (۲۰۱۳) First record of Alburnus atropatenae (Berg, ۱۹۲۵) (Cyprinidae) in Namak basin, central Iran. Croation Journal of fisheries, ۷۱(۲), ۳۷-۴۱.  Klingenberg, C.P. (۱۹۹۸) Heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny. Biological Reviews, ۷۳, ۷۹-۱۲۳. Kocovsky, P.M., Adams, J.V. and Bronte, C.R. (۲۰۰۹) The effect of sample size on the stability of principal component analysis of truss-based fish morphometrics. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, ۱۳۸, ۴۸۷–۴۹۶. Langerhans, B.R., Laydon, C.A., Langerhans, A.K. and Dewitt, T.J. (۲۰۰۳) Habitat-associated morphological divergence in two Neotropical fish species. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, ۸۰, ۶۸۹–۶۹۸. Love, J.W. (۲۰۰۲) Sexual dimorphism in spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus from southeastern Louisiana. American Midland Naturalist, ۱۴۷, ۳۹۳–۳۹۹.  Magurran, A.E. (۱۹۹۸) Population differentiation without speciation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, ۳۵۳, ۲۷۵-۲۸۶.  Matthews, W.J. (۱۹۹۸) Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology. New York, Chapman and Hall: ۷۵۷p. McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. and Stafford, S. (۲۰۰۰) Multivariate Statistics for Wildlife and Ecology Research. Springer Verlag, New York.  Mousavi-Sabet, H. and AnvariFar, H. (۲۰۱۳) Landmark-based morphometric variation between Cobitis keyvani and Cobitis faridpaki (Pisces: Cobitidae), with new habitat for C. faridpaki in the southern Caspian Sea basin. Folia Zoologica, ۶۲(۳), ۱۶۷–۱۷۵. Mousavi-Sabet, H., Vasil'eva, E.D., Vatandoust, S., Vasil'ev, V.P. (۲۰۱۱) Cobitis faridpaki sp. Nova- a New Spined Loach Species (Cobitidae) from the Southern Caspian Sea Basin (Iran). Journal of Ichthyology, ۵۱(۱۰), ۹۲۵–۹۳۱. Mousavi-Sabet, H., Yerli, S.V., Vatandoust, S., Ozeren, S.C., Moradkhani, Z. (۲۰۱۲) Cobitis keyvani sp. nova—a New Species of Spined-loach from South of the Caspian Sea Basin (Teleostei: Cobitidae). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, ۱۲, ۷-۱۳.  Page, L.M. and Swofford, D.L. (۱۹۸۴) Morphological correlates of ecological specialization in darters. Environmental Biology of Fishes, ۱۱, ۱۳۹–۱۵۹. Richtsmeier, J.T., Deleon, V.B. and Lele, S.R. (۲۰۰۲) The promise of geometric morphometrics. The Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, ۴۵, ۶۳–۹۱. Rohlf, F.J. (۲۰۰۴) TpsDig–Thin Plate Spline Digitize, Version ۱.۴ [Computer software]. Stony Brook: Dept. of Ecology and Evolution, State Univ. of New York. Rohlf, F.J. and Marcus, L.F. (۱۹۹۳) “A revolution in morphometrics,”Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol. ۸, no. ۴, pp. ۱۲۹–۱۳۲.  Sage, R.D. and Selander, R.K. (۱۹۷۵) Trophic radiation through polymorphism in cichlid fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, ۷۲, ۴۶۶۹– ۴۶۷۳. Sansom, R.S. (۲۰۰۹) Phylogeny, classification, and character polarity of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata). Journal of Systematic Paleontology, ۷, ۹۵-۱۱۵. Schluter, D. and McPhail, J.D. (۱۹۹۲) Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks. American Naturalist, ۱۴۰, ۸۵–۱۰۸.  Slice, D.E. (۲۰۰۷) Geometric Morphometrics. Annual Review of Anthropology, ۳۶, ۲۶۱–۲۸۱. Small, C. (۱۹۹۶) The statistical theory of shape (p. ۲۲۷). New York: Springer. Thompson, D.A.W. (۱۹۱۷) On Growth and Form, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Tzeng, T.D. (۲۰۰۴) Morphological variation between populations of spotted Mackerel Scomberaus tralasicus of Taiwan. Fisheries Research, ۶۸, ۴۵–۵۵.  Winemiller, K.O. (۱۹۹۱) Ecomorphological diversification in lowland freshwater fish as [۳۲] F. L. assemblages from five biotic regions. Ecological Monographs, ۱۹۹۱, ۳۴۳-۳۶۵. Wood, B.M. and Bain, M.B. (۱۹۹۵) Morphology and microhabitat use in stream fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, ۵۲, ۱۴۸۷–۱۴۹۸.

کلیدواژه ها:

Geometric morphometrics ، Alburnus ، Cyprinidae ، Landmark ، Iran