Cytokine storm in influenza

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) can be classified into dozens of subtypes based on their hemagglutinin (HA) andneuraminidase (NA) proteins. To date, ۱۸ HA subtypes and ۱۱ NA subtypes of IAVs that spread in animals andhumans have been found. Following infection, the IAV first induces the innate immune system, which can rapidlyrecruit innate immune cells and cytokines to the site of infection. Influenza-induced cytokine storms have beenassociated with uncontrolled proinflammatory responses, which may lead to significant immunopathy and severedisease. Cytokine storms are complicated by several types of cytokines and chemokines that have variousactivities. In addition to their direct effects, their crossregulation causes cytokine networks to form; thesenetworks determine the outcome of viral infections. In this review, we focus on cytokine storms and theirsignaling pathways that are triggered by the different subtypes of IAV.methodolgyWe explored databases of PubMed and Google Scholar and identified articles that were publishedbetween ۱۹۹۵ and ۲۰۲۳ with these keywords: "Cytokines " "cytokine storm" "influenza" and "cytokine storm ininfluenza virus" Then we chose about ۸۰ articles and we deleted some of them by our scope.Discussion and ConclusionIn this review, we highlight the innate immune cytokine storms caused by the infection of two common subtypesof IAV. The innate immune cells have a specific role in combating an IAV infection; however, these protectiveeffects may be affected by the relevant immune pathology, which may result in even worse results. As we fullyunderstand the multifaceted effects of innate immune effectors during influenza infections, traditional cytokinestorms should be extended to include cytokines that promote pathogenic and protective immunity, including theinduction of local inflammation and the elimination of infected cells. This will allow for the regulation of thecellular and molecular immune responses and for the promotion of tissue repair and homeostasis.

کلیدواژه ها:

Cytokines ، cytokine storm ، influenza ، chemokines