Estimation of livestock greenhouse gas for impact mitigation

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anthropogenic activities in livestock sectors are responsible for emitting substantial amounts of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane, and dinitrous oxide, into the atmosphere, thereby contributing to climate change. The impact of these gases can be reduced through effective mitigation and adaptation efforts. This study aimed to estimate the livestock greenhouse gas emissions in Minahasa District, Indonesia; identify the greenhouse gas sources and distribution; and provide feasible mitigation options.METHODS: This study used mixed methods to collect primary and secondary data from breeders and stakeholders in the Minahasa Regency. Interviews and questionnaires were also conducted, and the local government office provided secondary data. Breeders from various groups who lived in ۲۵ different districts participated in this study, and the data analysis techniques used a Tier ۱ model to process the data. The participants were included in focus group discussion activities for qualitative data collection to formulate potential mitigation strategies.FINDINGS: The livestock sector emitted ۴۸.۸۳ gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent in ۲۰۲۱, and this was expected to increase by ۲۴.۹۸ percent in ۲۰۲۲, resulting in a total emission of ۶۵.۰۹ gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent. The sector also experienced a steady rise in emissions since ۲۰۱۰, with an average annual increase of ۳.۱۷ percent. The emissions were primarily composed of methane and dinitrous oxide, which accounted for ۶۴.۶۸ and ۰.۴۱ gigagrams carbon dioxide equivalent, respectively. In terms of livestock greenhouse gas distribution, the Sonder District produced ۱۳.۹۸ percent of the emission at ۸.۷۷ gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent. The main emissions resulted from methane manure management and enteric fermentation at ۸۴.۵۳ and ۱۵.۲۳ percent (۷.۴۱ and ۱.۳۴ gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent, respectively), while the remaining was composed of dinitrous oxide gas. In Kawangkoan District, the greenhouse gas emissions were dominated by methane from enteric fermentation and manure management, which accounted for ۱۵.۲۳ and ۲۰.۰۵ percent (۵.۶۳ and ۱.۴۳ gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent). In addition, the total emission accounted for ۱۱.۳۳ percent at ۷.۱۱ gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent.CONCLUSION: The study produced an estimate of greenhouse gases from the livestock sector in the Minahasa Regency. During the studied period (۲۰۱۰-۲۰۲۲), the total greenhouse gas emissions exhibited an average annual increase of ۳.۱۷ percent. In ۲۰۲۲, the emissions consisted of methane and dinitrous oxide, with respective contributions of ۹۹.۳۸ percent per year and ۰.۶۲. Based on the spatial mapping, the Sonder District produced the largest cumulative emissions, primarily driven by emissions from animal waste management. Conversely, the Kawangkoan District dominated emissions stemming from the enteric fermentation of ruminant animals. These findings imply that all stakeholders in the Minahasa Regency should prioritize efforts to implement adaptation and mitigation programs to reduce these impacts.

کلیدواژه ها:

Livestock ، Climate change ، Greenhouse gases ، Minahasa Regency ، Mitigation