Outdoor PM۲.۵ and their water-soluble ions in the Northern part of the Persian Gulf

Background: The environmental conditions potentially predispose the northern part of the Persian Gulf to the occurrence of dust storms. Outdoor PM۲.۵ and their water-soluble ions in Bushehr port were studied from December ۲۰۱۶ to September ۲۰۱۷. Methods: A total of ۴۶ outdoor PM۲.۵ samples were collected by high-volume air sampler and eight water-soluble ions, including Ca۲ + , Mg۲ + , Na + , K+ , F-, Cl-, NO۳-, and SO۴۲- in PM۲.۵ were also measured by ion chromatography (IC). Results: The ۲۴-hour average concentration of PM۲.۵ was in the range of ۲۲.۰۹ to ۲۹۲.۴۵ μg/m۳. The mean concentration of water-soluble ions in PM۲.۵ was in the range of ۰.۱۰ ± ۰.۱۴ to ۶.۷۶ ± ۴.۶۳ μg/m۳.The major water-soluble ions were the secondary inorganic aerosols (SO۴۲- and NO۳-), which accounted for nearly ۴۱% of total water-soluble ions in PM۲.۵. The total water-soluble ions level of PM۲.۵ in winter was higher than that in spring and summer. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model showed that the source contributions of PM۲.۵ were in the order of dust (۵۵.۸%), sea salt (۱۷.۱%), secondary sulfate (۱۱.۸%), industries (۷%), vehicular emission (۴.۷%), and secondary nitrate (۳.۷%). Conclusion: According to the results, dust and sea salt are the main sources of water-soluble ions in PM۲.۵ in Bushehr port, which should attract much attention.

کلیدواژه ها:

Aerosols ، Bushehr ، PM۲.۵ ، Seasonal variation ، Water-soluble ions