Relationship between Menopause and Complications of Hyperthyroidism in Female Patients in Iraq

Hyperthyroidism is a health problem characterized by an overactive thyroid gland, resulting in extra triiodothyronine (T۳) and thyroxine (T۴) production, as well as a decrease in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The oxidative stress indicators in hyperthyroid patients and the relationship with impaired metabolism of lipid are still controversial, especially in menopausal women suffering from a lack of ovulation hormones. In this study, blood samples were withdrawn from ۱۲۰ subjects, including healthy premenopausal (n=۳۰) and postmenopausal women (n=۳۰) as control groups (G۱ and G۲), as well as ۳۰ hyperthyroid women in each group of premenopausal and postmenopausal patient groups (G۳ and G۴). The levels of T۳, T۴, and TSH, blood pressure, and lipid profiles, such as triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA),  and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) in the two healthy control groups and patient groups with hyperthyroidism were measured. In addition, serum progesterone levels were measured by the Bio-Merieux kit France, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The results revealed a significant decrease in SOD activity in the postmenopausal group, as compared to that in premenopausal women and control groups. Hyperthyroidism groups demonstrated a significant increase in MDA and AOPP levels, compared to control groups. Patient groups reported a decreased level of progesterone, in comparison with control groups. Moreover, there was a significant increase in T۳ and T۴ in patient groups (G۳ and G۴), compared to that in control groups (G۱ and G۲). There was a significant increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in menopausal hyperthyroidism (G۴), compared to that in other groups. The TC decreased significantly in G۳ and G۴, compared to that in both control groups (P<۰.۰۵); nonetheless, there was no significant difference between patient groups (G۳ and G۴), as well as between control groups (G۱ and G۲). The study suggested that hyperthyroidism causes an increase in oxidative stress, which negatively affects the antioxidant system and drops levels of progesterone in both premenopausal and postmenopausal female patients. Therefore, low levels of progesterone are linked with hyperthyroidism, leading to aggravating symptoms of the disease.

کلیدواژه ها:

hyperthyroidism ، oxidative stress ، postmenopausal hyperthyroidism ، premenopausal hyperthyroidism ، progesterone