The Viability of Oil Extraction from Trinidad Tar Sands by Radio Frequency Heating: A Simulation Approach

Trinidad has tar sand resources of about ۲ billion barrels of oil on land in the Parrylands/Guapo and Brighton areas. With an oil price of over USD ۲۵ per barrel, the commercial extraction of oil from Trinidad tar sands is viable, but it requires a careful study. The relatively small extent of this tar sand (about ۱۰,۰۰۰ acres and with depths varying from surface to less than ۵۰۰ feet) and with an oil in place of about ۱۰۰۰ times smaller than the Canadian tar sands, large scale surface mining and in situ methods such as SAGD and VAPEX processes or their variants are not practical and environmentally friendly.In this study, we explore the viability of oil extraction from unconventional Trinidad tar sands by radio frequency (RF) heating. RF heating does not require an overburden and is cheaper than SAGD and VAPEX; it is also environmentally friendly since no steam, water, and solvents are needed. Studies have also shown that RF heating is uniform and quicker, and it makes a deeper penetration than direct electrical (resistive) heating; thus, an oil recovery between ۵۰ to ۸۰% can be achieved. Preliminary studies have indicated that Trinidad tar sands are wetting, and that permittivity values in the range of ۳۸-۱۰۰ make it suitable for RF heating.The COMSOL Multiphysics® software was used to simulate oil sand samples within a copper chamber, and the RF heating was applied via a dipole antenna. Temperature-time heating plots were generated using an operating frequency of ۱۰ MHz and a current of ۵۰ amperes. These data and the physical properties of the tar sands were then simulated using the CMG software. The results indicated an oil recovery in the range of ۳۰-۶۰%. An energy balance was then conducted, and the results showed that the commercial extraction of oil from Trinidad tar sands by RF heating is viable with an oil price of over USD ۲۵ per barrel.

کلیدواژه ها:

Radio Frequency Heating ، Tar Sand/Oil Sand ، Oil Extraction ، Simulation Study ، Unconventional