The role of chemokines in Covid-۱۹ infection and its similarity to acute respiratory distress syndrome

Background & objectives: The coronavirus epidemic, as a multisystem disease, has been rapidly affecting the global health system since ۲۰۱۹, with unprecedented consequences. Chemokines are a family of low molecular weight proteins that are expressed by several cell types and play an important role in the inflammatory response and infectious diseases associated with Covid-۱۹ by invoking leukocytes to the site of infection. The similarity of its type and extent in Covid-۱۹ infection to respiratory distress syndrome is of diagnostic and therapeutic importance.Materials & Methods: The studies published between ۲۰۱۹ and ۲۰۲۲ that investigatedchemokines in Covid-۱۹ infection were reviewed by searching the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. Among ۱۳۲۴۲ studies, related articles were reviewed.Finding: The high mortality rate of Covid-۱۹ is due to the effects of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, which are also found in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Chemokines associated with Covid-۱۹ are produced and regulated by the transcription of leukocyte genes or other sources. By examining the expression of the leukocytes gene of IL-۱RA (Interleukin-۱ receptor antagonist), IL-۶, IL-۸, RANTES (also known as CCL۵), and EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) these results have been obtained:۱- IL-۸ unlike IL-۶ is significantly associated with increased mortality in Covid ۱۹-associated ARDS patients.۲- IL-۱RA is a natural proinflammatory inhibitor that is even found in the lungs of ARDS patients unrelated to Covid-۱۹.۳- IL-۱β increases alveolar permeability, so IL-۱RA is recommended as an inhibitor to reduce lung damage.۴- RANTES is produced by CD۸ + T cells after antigen stimulation and competes with the Covid virus-۱۹ to bind to the CCR۵ receptor.Conclusions: The profile of chemokines in ARDS patients in Covid-۱۹ is not fully understood, but according to current research, higher plasma levels of IL-۱RA and IL-۸ are positively associated with mortality in a group of Covid ۱۹ patients, While the increase of RANTES and EGF have a negative relation with mortality.

کلیدواژه ها:

chemokines ، COVID-۱۹ ، mortality ، acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)