Interplay between CKS۲, N-cadherin, and PD-ECGF in Non-Schistosomal and Schistosomal-Associated Bladder Cancer: A Prospective Comparative Study in the Egyptian Population

Background: The current study investigated the possible role of the cell cycle regulator, cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit-۲; the angiogenic factor, plateletderived endothelial cell growth factor; and the cell adhesive molecule, neural cadherin, as prognostic factors in schistosomal and non-schistosomal-associated urothelial carcinomas. We also investigated the possible correlation between cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit-۲, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, neural cadherin, tumor grade, and stage.Methods: The study included ۴۰ patients with primary bladder cancer (۲۵ nonschistosomal- associated and ۱۵ schistosomal-associated) who had no prior anticancer treatment. Tumor specimens were collected at the time of the transurethral resection. The vivid portions of the resected tumors were subjected to routine pathological examinations to determine stage, grade, and schistosomal infestation. Control bladder tissues (۵ cases) were obtained by cystoscopic biopsies from patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate. Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor and neural cadherin protein expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed, and amplified by PCR using cyclindependent kinases regulatory subunit-۲ specific primers. Relative expression was detected by a comparison of the expression in normal and tumor samples relative to GAPDH (housekeeping) gene expression.Results:We detected a positive correlation between neural cadherin and plateletderived endothelial cell growth factor proteins in schistosomal-associated and non-schistosomal-associated bladder cancer. Significant overexpression of relative cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit-۲ gene, neural cadherin, and plateletderived endothelial cell growth factor proteins were detected in invasive stages and higher grades of bladder cancer. Differential expressions of neural cadherin and plateletderived endothelial cell growth factor proteins, tumor recurrence, and tumor progression were detected between schistosomal-associated and non-schistosomal-associated bladder cancer.Conclusion: Cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit-۲, neural cadherin, and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor may be used as biomarkers for predicting bladder cancer outcome and aid in selecting patients for more aggressive treatments.