Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) and iron overload ; a review study

Introduction & Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a sub-group of retroviruses that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) after infection in humans. This is an epidemic.Anemia and abnormal iron distribution are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in HIV infection.Nutritional causes of anemia include iron, folate, and vitamin B۱۲ deficiency, which is significant in poor areas. People who live in these areas are often under the pressure of infectious diseases, and the chronic immune inflammation associated with them increases anemia.HIV infection affects hematopoiesis and anemia; As this disease progresses, the severity of anemia increases. Even in HIV-infected people, there may be cases of acute phase response. Chronic inflammation is a symptom of HIV infection, and inflammation is known as an increase in hepcidin expression, as a result, hepcidin is considered an important factor in determining Iron homeostasis, and anemia is associated with poor prognosis of HIVMethod: In this review, relevant studies were searched in scientific databases fusing Based on their title, and keywords associated with HIV and immunodeficiency syndrome and iron overload from ۲۰۱۹ to march ۲۰۲۱. Out of ۶۵۹ studies, ۵۹ articles related to our aim according to the inclusion criteria of this review article, were studied.Results: In children with HIV, there is a change in iron metabolism, from iron deficiency to iron overload. The prevalence of HIV-related anemia in children ranges from ۴۴ to ۸۳% in high-income countries and from ۷۸ to ۹۰% in low-income countries, and malnutrition and advanced HIV can be cited as reasons for increasing the possibility of anemia.In pregnant women with HIV, even with iron supplementation, serum iron decreases in both the mother and the baby.In HIV-infected adults, anemia has been seen in ۴۹.۶% of ART-natives, and anemia has been reported in hypochromic normocytic AIDS patients. Anemia, iron deficiency, or iron overload in people with HIV who have recently been treated with HAART has a direct relationship with mortality. Increasing the concentration of iron in the body's plasma can cause a decrease in CD۴ lymphocytes and antioxidants in the body. In addition, taking iron supplements can increase the viral load in the body, but reduce serum iron. However, no correlation between iron intake and CD۴ lymphocytes has been observed.Conclusion: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a sub-group of retroviruses that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) after infection in humans. This is an epidemic.Anemia and abnormal iron distribution are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in HIV infection.Nutritional causes of anemia include iron, folate, and vitamin B۱۲ deficiency, which is significant in poor areas. People who live in these areas are often under the pressure of infectious diseases, and the chronic immune inflammation associated with them increases anemia. Referring to the population of children, it can be said that children with anemia and iron deficiency are at risk of poor growth and consequences. Anemia is one of the common complications of HIV infection in children and adults and can be associated with worse outcomes. Supplements are generally used to improve anemia and iron deficiency; The use ofiron supplements by pregnant mothers before birth may reduce the risk of child mortality. On the other hand, children born to mothers with HIV must use iron supplements daily because the rate of anemia in this population is high. HIV infection affects hematopoiesis and anemia; As this disease progresses, the severity of anemia increases. Even in HIV-infected people, there may be cases of acute phase response. Chronic inflammation is a symptom of HIV infection, and inflammation is known as an increase in hepcidin expression, as a result, hepcidin is considered an important factor in determining Iron homeostasis, and anemia is associated with poor prognosis of HIV. Iron homeostasis may be an appropriate therapeutic target for HIV. Since iron homeostasis is influenced by immunological, infectious, clinical, and nutritional factors, it acts as a barometer for overall health status.Although significant progress has been made in the field of HIV treatment using antiretroviral therapy (ART), infection with this virus is still one of the main causes of death in the world.

کلیدواژه ها:

HIV ، immunodeficiency ، iron overload