Long-term COVID-۱۹ syndrome and smoking

Background: The long-term COVID-۱۹ syndrome is described as different symptoms lasting atleast ۴ weeks after diagnosis of COVID-۱۹ infection. Early studies conducted on post-hospitalizedpatients indicated that nearly ۸۷% of the patients had at least one symptom in the period of ۶۰ daysof monitoring. Seventy six percent of the patients were still symptomatic at ۶ month. In outpatient,researches demonstrated range of up to nearly ۵۰ percent of symptom frequency for different timesof follow-ups. Frequently reported symptoms were loss of taste or smell, fatigue, body aches anddyspnea. Some previous studies demonstrated that vaping or smoking were positively correlatedwith reporting symptoms in ۶ months after COVID-۱۹ infection recovery.Methods: Authors searched data bases of Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholarto identify and extract information regarding the relationship between long-term COVID-۱۹syndrome and smoking.Results: Results indicated that smokers have higher risk of COVID-۱۹ progression. Knowledgeabout effect of smoking on symptoms of post-COVID are limited in the literature. Some of thesuggested mechanisms for increased risk of severe COVID-۱۹ in smokers are: Damaged respiratory system secondary to smoking may predispose to post-COVIDsymptoms and severe SARS-CoV-۲ infection Up-regulation of ACE-۲ gene expression in the airway of patients with COPD and activesmokers. In the Similar way, exposure to passive smoke can alter expression of ACE۲ geneand lead to changes in immune system These patients have the potential to have severity ofCOVID-۱۹ symptoms, and exposure to smoking is a potential risk factor for friends and familyof the patient. Smoking can decrease the prophylactic effect of vaccines of influenza in elderly patientsand increase the risk of hospitalization in these patients. So, negative effects of smoking on thelungs may increase the severity of symptom.Conclusion: Some meta-analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between history ofsmoking and long-term COVID-۱۹ syndrome, severe COVID-۱۹, severity of symptom, andmortality in smokers.

کلیدواژه ها:

Smoking ، Chronic COVID Syndrome ، Long-Term COVID-۱۹ Syndrome ، Post-AcuteSequelae Of SARS-Cov-۲ Infection ، Post-Acute COVID Syndrome